Determination of the copy numbers of type A porcine endogenous retroviruses in domestic pigs and wild boars

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of pigs and are transmitted like cellular genes from parents to the offspring. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs, PERV-C was found to be in many, but not all pigs. When PERV-C is present, recombination with PERV-A may happen and the PERV-A/C recombinants are characterized by a high replication rate. Until now, nothing has been known about the copy number of PERVs in wild boars and little is known about the prevalence of the phylogenetically youngest PERV-C in ancient wild boars. Here we investigated for the first time the copy number of PERVs in different populations of wild boars in and around Berlin using droplet digital PCR. Copy numbers between 3 and 69 per genome have been measured. A lower number but a higher variability was found compared to domestic pigs, including minipigs reported earlier (Fiebig et al., Xenotransplantation, 2018). The wild boar populations differed genetically and had been isolated during the existence of the Berlin wall. Despite this, the variations in copy number were larger in a single population compared to the differences between the populations. PERV-C was found in all 92 analyzed animals. Differences in the copy number of PERV in different organs of a single wild boar indicate that PERVs are also active in wild boars, replicating and infecting new cells as has been shown in domestic pigs.

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Insertional Variations of Two Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) in Korean Native Pigs and Asian Wild Boars

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.2007.461 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 461-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. C. Jung ◽

S. L. Yu ◽

T. H. Kim ◽

J. T. Jeon ◽

C. Rogel-Gaillard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Korean Native Pigs ◽

Native Pigs

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Using in silico RFLP method for the study of MC1R gene alleles in the species Sus Scrofa

10.53937/icz10.2021.61 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Sitnic ◽

Keyword(s):

In Silico ◽

Sus Scrofa ◽

Restriction Enzymes ◽

Pure Line ◽

Mc1r Gene ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Conservation Measures

Abstract. In the present study we aimed to use a bioinformatics algorithm that predict RFLP fragmentation of swine MC1R alleles simulating the sequence digestion with over 700 restriction enzymes. The results show several restriction enzymes that have the potential to be used for genotyping of Sus scrofa individuals and for differentiation between hybrids and pure line wild boars (WB)/domestic pigs (DP). Genotyping studies of wild boars and domestic pigs in Moldova populations would allow the determination of introgression/backcrossing degree and would contribute to the elaboration of adequate conservation measures

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Differences in Release and Determination of Subtype of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses Produced by Stimulated Normal Pig Blood Cells

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000068120 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Stefan J. Tacke ◽

Volker Specke ◽

Joachim Denner

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses

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Detection of copy number variation of alpha amylase genes in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa)

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/61/2020-cjas ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Tsukasa Yoshidomi ◽

Kensuke Hirose ◽

Takeshi Kuge ◽

Yukio Okada ◽

Yaetsu Kurosawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sus Scrofa ◽

Copy Number ◽

Gene Copy Number ◽

Alpha Amylase ◽

Haploid Genome ◽

Gene Copy ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Copy Numbers ◽

Amylase Genes

Copy numbers of alpha amylase genes (AMY), which encode starch-digesting enzymes, are markedly increased in modern humans and domesticated dogs as an adaptive evolutionary mechanism in response to increased consumption of starch-rich foods acquired either by farming or domestication. In this study, we surveyed total AMY gene copy numbers in 150 domestic pigs (50 pigs of Berkshire breed, 50 of Landrace breed, and 50 of Large White breed) and 51 wild boars (30 Sus scrofa leucomystax and 21 S. s. riukiuanus) to identify whether the gene copy number has changed during the domestication of pigs. The relative copy number of AMY genes was measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and it varied from 2.7 to 10.8 per haploid genome among individuals. However, in the four remaining populations, excluding S. s. riukiuanus, the average copy number was approximately six, and no significant differences were observed between the three selected pig breeds and S. s. leucomystax wild boar. Conversely, S. s. riukiuanus had an average of 7.2 copies. The results indicating six AMY copies per haploid genome were consistent with the porcine genome reference sequence (Sscrofa11.1). These results suggest that there has been no significant increase in the AMY gene copy number during the domestication process of pigs.

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Separation of Toxin and Hemagglutinin from Crystalline Toxin of Clostridium botulinum Type A by Anion Exchange Chromatography and Determination of Their Dimensions by Gel Filtration

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93623-9 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 243 (5) ◽

pp. 1065-1072

Author(s):

B R DasGupta ◽

D A Boroff

Keyword(s):

Anion Exchange ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Type A ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Botulinum Type

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Unexpected low expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in porcine expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs)

Virus Research ◽

10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198295 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 198295

Author(s):

Luise Krüger ◽

Monika Nowak-Imialek ◽

Yannick Kristiansen ◽

Doris Herrmann ◽

Björn Petersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Low Expression

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Absence of Replication-Competent Human-Tropic Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in the Germ Line DNA of Inbred Miniature Swine

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.78.5.2502-2509.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 2502-2509 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Linda Scobie ◽

Samantha Taylor ◽

James C. Wood ◽

Kristen M. Suling ◽

Gary Quinn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genomic Dna ◽

Germ Line ◽

Human Cells ◽

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Miniature Swine ◽

Dna Libraries ◽

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Perv Transmission

ABSTRACT The potential transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has raised concern in the development of porcine xenotransplantation products. Our previous studies have resulted in the identification of animals within a research herd of inbred miniature swine that lack the capacity to transmit PERV to human cells in vitro. In contrast, other animals were capable of PERV transmission. The PERVs that were transmitted to human cells are recombinants between PERV-A and PERV-C in the post-VRA region of the envelope (B. A. Oldmixon, J. C. Wood, T. A. Ericsson, C. A. Wilson, M. E. White-Scharf, G. Andersson, J. L. Greenstein, H. J. Schuurman, and C. Patience, J. Virol. 76:3045-3048, 2002); these viruses we term PERV-A/C. This observation prompted us to determine whether these human-tropic replication-competent (HTRC) PERV-A/C recombinants were present in the genomic DNA of these miniature swine. Genomic DNA libraries were generated from one miniature swine that transmitted HTRC PERV as well as from one miniature swine that did not transmit HTRC PERV. HTRC PERV-A/C proviruses were not identified in the germ line DNAs of these pigs by using genomic mapping. Similarly, although PERV-A loci were identified in both libraries that possessed long env open reading frames, the Env proteins encoded by these loci were nonfunctional according to pseudotype assays. In the absence of a germ line source for HTRC PERV, further studies are warranted to assess the mechanisms by which HTRC PERV can be generated. Once identified, it may prove possible to generate animals with further reduced potential to produce HTRC PERV.

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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13030492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 492

Author(s):

Magdalena Baymakova ◽

Krasimira Terzieva ◽

Rumen Popov ◽

Elisaveta Grancharova ◽

Todor Kundurzhiev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Hepatitis E Virus ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Hepatitis E ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Specific Questionnaire ◽

Positive Results

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is widespread among domestic pigs, industrial swine, and wild boars in Bulgaria. The aim of the current research was to present the HEV seroprevalence among blood donors in Bulgaria. In the present study, 555 blood donors (479 males and 76 females) were enrolled from five districts in the country (Shumen, Pleven, Stara Zagora, Plovdiv, and Sofia districts). All blood samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG using the recomWell HEV IgG ELISA test (Mikrogen GmbH, Neuried, Germany). Each participating donor completed a short, structured, and specific questionnaire to document data on the current study. Anti-HEV IgG positive results were detected in 144 (25.9%) blood donors, including 129 (26.9%) males and 15 (19.7%) females. The established HEV seropositivity was 28.8% (23/80) in Shumen district, 23.2% (22/95) in Pleven district, 27.1% (38/140) in Stara Zagora district, 27.5% (44/160) in Plovdiv district, and 21.3% (17/80) in Sofia district. A high HEV seroprevalence was found for persons who declared that they were general hunters (48.7%; 19/39; p = 0.001) and hunters of wild boars (51.6%; 16/31; p = 0.001). We present the first seroprevalence rates of HEV infection in blood donors from Bulgaria. The results of our research showed high HEV seropositivity among blood donors.

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