scholarly journals CASE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE: DIFFICULTIES OF MASTERING AND EXPERIENCE OF OVERCOMING THEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (16) ◽  
pp. 200-209
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Georgy G. Khazagerov

The article uses a narrow understanding of polyptoton (repetition of a word in different cases), which goes back to classical rhetoric. This allows to consider the specifics of the polyploton in the Russian language with its developed case system. The Russian polyptoton can be reduced to four types. We distinguish an intensive polyptoton, an extensive polyptoton, a contrasting polyptote and a descriptive set type. All these types express the category of plurality in different ways. A good example of intensive polyploton is biblical phrases like “song of songs”. Such a polyptot is called a genitive superlative. There is also a way of expressing superlativeness in Russian with the help of the instrumental case like дурак дураком. Intensive polyptoton can also express the meaning of reflexivity: слово о словах, каталог каталогов. The extensive type of polyptote coincides with a figure called an epimone. Unlike the other three types of polypoton, it is not associated with binomials and can form a rather long row with a word in different cases. The contrasting polyptoton is the antithesis within one word, as in the Latin proverb: homo homini lupus est. Polyptoton describing a set - a phenomenon not yet studied in Russian grammar. The Russian polyptoton is interesting in that it manifests itself in different inflections. Therefore, the widespread understanding of a polypoton as a repetition of words with one root is not relevant for the Russian language. Russian polyptoton is as far as possible from paranomazia, pun. Its grammatical nature is strongly expressed.


Author(s):  
О.В. Алексеева ◽  
Е.Я. Антонова

В статье рассмотрены основные задачи обучения иностранных граждан русскому языку в вузах России и обозначены языковые трудности, с которыми сталкиваются иностранные студенты при получении выбранной ими профессии. Главной проблемой иностранных студентов медицинских вузов России, получающих образование на языке-посреднике, является неуверенное владение русским языком, что не переживается ими как проблема в повседневной жизни, но сказывается на качестве прохождения обязательной практики в медицинских учреждениях страны. Одним из приемов, способных минимизировать неизбежное психологическое напряжение студентов-медиков и помочь им преодолеть языковую скованность во время живого общения с русскими врачами и пациентами, является использование на занятиях по русскому языку как иностранному медицинской карты амбулаторного больного. Заполнение карты проводится начиная с первого курса и продолжается на протяжении всех лет обучения русскому языку всякий раз, когда студенты изучают лексику по новой теме, связанной с тем или иным заболеванием. Главную трудность при заполнении карты амбулаторного больного представляет информация, связанная с жалобами больного. Заполнение этого пункта позволяет не только обобщить и закрепить изученный материал, но и перевести учебные диалоги «врач — пациент» в ситуацию, приближенную к реальному общению врача с больными. The article describes the main tasks of teaching foreign citizens the Russian language at Russian medical universities and identifies the language difficulties that foreign students face when walking the hospitals. The challenges of communicating with patients at Russian hospitals are aggravated if the theoretical courses are delivered in English as an intermediary language. The discrepancy between the language of education and the language of the social environment is no problem in everyday communication, but affects the quality of compulsory practice in medical institutions in the country. One of the techniques that can minimize the inevitable psychological stress and lack of confidence experienced by foreign medical students and helps them to overcome language stiffness during authentic communication with Russian doctors and patients is the use of an outpatient's medical card in the Russian language classes. The card is filled in starting from the first year and continues being filled in throughout the years of Russian language training whenever students study new vocabulary related to a particular disease. The main point in filling out the outpatient card is “Patient’s Complaints”. Filling in this item allows not only to review the familiar vocabulary but also to translate made-up “doctor-patient” dialogues into a situation close to an authentic doctor-patient discourse. This will prepare students for the perception of live-sounding speech of native speakers who are not inclined to choose words that are understandable to students or to choose a speech tempo that is obviously comfortable for them.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-206
Author(s):  
Seyed Hassan Zahraei ◽  
Maria Yu. Sidorova

One of the critical and difficult moments in the development of the Russian language by foreigners is the transfer of subjective meanings. The existing terminological and methodological difficulties in studying this issue do not remove the need to teach in the course of Russian language for foreigners means of expressing subjective meanings. The problem is aggravated by the discrepancies between the description of these means in the grammars of the Russian language, including the academic one and the actual functioning. This is most clearly manifested in the functioning of variable prepositional-case forms (for example, вслед чему-либо, кому-либо – вслед зачем-либо, кем-либо, where only the second form can be used in the function of the authorizer: вслед за академиком Виноградовым). The particular difficulty for foreigners is also deanonymization prepositionalcase forms, the paradigm of values which includes the authorization, such as у кого-либо, для кого-либо, and the like. As a result, the elaboration of a system of rules of use and a system of exercises for training the use of means of expression of subjective meanings requires not only methodological but also theoretical justification. We offer such a justification in the form of systematization of these means based on the concept of «authorization» as used in the functional-communicative grammar of G. A. Zolotova, and a typology of syntaxes made in the same concept (free, structurally-driven, connected). The developed system of rules and exercises is implemented in a textbook for Iranian advanced students and tested in teaching in higher educational institutions of Iran. It includes the development of syntagmatic and paradigmatic of substantive and verbal authorization means, differentiation of syntactic synonymy and limitation of syntactic homonymy, considering stylistic parameters. The rules provide the maximum approximation to the living modern use of substantive and verbal authorization means in compliance with the methodological principles of compactness and consistency of the formulation. The exercises require the development of authorization tools in context, so that students confidently include them in any sentence structure. The interrelated development of form, meaning and function corresponds to the trilateral essence of the language sign, which makes the proposed model of training not only methodically effective, but also theoretically solid and modern.


Author(s):  
Елена Александровна Данилова ◽  
Татьяна Николаевна Юркина

В настоящей статье представлен анализ типичных ошибок иностранных студентов при образовании и употреблении русских падежных форм, а также приведены некоторые приемы работы, призванные облегчить запоминание русских падежей обучающимися. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена прежде всего трудностью системы русского склонения, включающего разнообразие оттенков значения падежей и вариантов падежных флексий. Необходимость эффективного освоения русской падежной системы особенно возрастает при изучении русского языка как иностранного. Овладение грамматическими нормами образования и употребления падежных форм имен существительных русского языка играет важную роль в коммуникации и представляет большую трудность для иностранцев. В статье содержится анализ наиболее частотных ошибок, возникающих при склонении имен существительных, а также намечаются пути преодоления таких ошибок. Для облегчения знакомства с русскими падежными конструкциями наряду с теоретическими упражнениями в методике преподавания русского языка как иностранного активно используются упражнения в игровой форме, различные грамматические рифмовки, имитативные упражнения, мнемонические правила, ролевые игры. Они позволяют иностранным обучающимся в ненавязчивой форме закрепить грамматические правила, а также активизируют совместную речевую деятельность обучающихся, дают возможность совершенствовать полученные речевые навыки и грамматические умения. The article analyzes typical mistakes of foreign students in the formation and use of Russian case forms, as well as some methods for students’ memorizing Russian cases. The relevance of this research is primarily due to the difficulty of the Russian declension system, which includes a variety of shades of case meaning and variants of case inflections. Effectively mastering the Russian case system is particularly important when studying Russian as a Foreign Language (RFL). Mastering grammatical norms of education and the use of case forms of nouns in the Russian language plays an important role in communication and is a great difficulty for foreigners. The article provides the analysis of the most frequent errors that occur when declension of nouns, and also outlines ways to overcome such errors. To facilitate the process of mastering the Russian case constructions, along with theoretical exercises in the teaching methods of RFL, exercises in the form of games, various grammatical rhyming, imitative exercises, mnemonic rules, and role-playing games are actively used. They contribute to foreign students’ collective speaking and improving their speaking and grammar skills.


Author(s):  
Yabing Zhang

This article is devoted to the problem of using Russian time-prepositions by foreigners, especially by the Chinese. An analysis of modern literature allows the author to identify the main areas of the work aimed at foreign students’ development of the skills and abilities to correctly build the prepositional combinations and continuously improve the communication skills by means of the Russian language. In this paper, the time-prepositions in the Russian language have been analyzed in detail; some examples of polysemantic use of prepositions, their semantic and stylistic shades alongside with possible errors made by foreign students are presented. The results of the study are to help in developing a system of teaching Russian time-prepositions to a foreign language audience, taking into account their native language, on the basis of the systemic and functional, communicative and activity-centred basis. The role of Russian time-prepositions in constructing word combinations has been identified; the need for foreign students’ close attention to this secondary part of speech has been specified. It has been stated that prepositions are the most dynamic and open type of secondary language units within the quantitative and qualitative composition of which regular changes take place. The research substantiates the need that students should be aware of the function of time-preposition in speech; they are to get acquainted with the main time-prepositions and their meanings, to distinguish prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech as well as to learn stylistic shades of time-prepositions. Some recommendations related to the means of mastering time-prepositions have been given: to target speakers to assimilate modern literary norms and, therefore, to teach them how to choose and use them correctly by means of linguistic keys that are intended to fill the word with true meaning, to give it an organic structure, an inherent form and an easy combinability in the texts and oral speech.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Nigora Vokhidova ◽  

The article discusses the effectiveness of innovative approaches in teaching Russian as a foreign language. It is noted that the use of new methods makes it possible to take into account the knowledge already acquired by the student for studying the Russian language and developing creative skills. The role of such a form of training as group work is shown, and some methods of interactive communication between students in practical classes in the Russian language are considered


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