scholarly journals The gender pay gap and women in managerial positions: V4 countries in the light of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kłysik-Uryszek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Visegrad Group

This research investigates the level of the gender pay gap and gender parity in the Visegrad Group countries in light of the changes that took place in the whole EU during the last decade. The following hypotheses accompany the research objective: (1) the level of the gender pay gap diminished significantly over the last decade in the V4 economies; (2) the V4 countries are following a path to achieve gender parity. Data were taken from Eurostat. The pay gap and the managerial occupations indicators were used to verify the research hypotheses. The empirical investigation did not let us reject the first hypothesis for Poland only. However, it should be rejected for the other V4 economies. In addition, the second hypothesis should be rejected.

scholarly journals Gender Equality in Europe; Developments with reference to Gender Pay Gap and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zaheer Iqbal Cheema ◽  
Ali Nawaz ◽  
Jawwad Riaz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The European Union has kept the agenda of gender equality at the front line of legislation and policy development. The research examined the policies and the efficacy of the European Union in endorsing gender equality and determines where the Union’s system has proved to be less effective. Despite the efforts by the European Union in addressing gender-related issues, a slow improvement has been indicated in achieving gender parity. Inequality persists in many domains of gender equality, including the gender pay gap and gender-based violence. Our research suggests that adequate attention in terms of relevance, effective implementation and funding must be given to all domains of gender equality.

Gender-specific constructions of the ‘other religion’ in French and Austrian discourse on Turkey’s accession to the European Union

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Bischof ◽  
Florian Oberhuber ◽  
Karin Stögner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Discourses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
The Eu

This article presents results from a qualitative analysis of religious and gender-specific ‘othering’ in Austrian and French media discourse on Turkey’s accession to the EU (2004–2006). A typology of arguments justifying inclusion and exclusion of Turkey from Europe or the EU is presented, and gender-specific othering is placed in the context of differing national discourses about Europe and diverging visions of secularisation and citizenship. Secondly, various topoi of orientalism are reconstructed which play a crucial role in both national corpora, and it is shown how various historically shaped discourses of alterity intersect and produce gendered images of cultural and religious otherness.

scholarly journals Differences in income distributions for men and women in the European Union countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Joanna Landmesser
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Decomposition Procedure

Research background: Recently there has been an increase in interest in the studies of income inequalities. The findings of numerous empirical studies show that males earn higher wages than females. A variety of techniques of income inequalities decomposition are becoming popular. New procedures go far beyond the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. They allow to study differences of income distributions for various groups of people and to decompose them at various quantile points. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to compare personal income distributions in selected countries of the European Union, taking into account gender differences. Methods: First, we examined the income inequalities between men and women in each country using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. The unexplained part of the gender pay gap gave us information about the wage discrimination. Second, we extended the decomposition procedure to different quantile points along the whole income distribution. To describe differences between the incomes of men and women, we constructed the so-called counterfactual distribution, which is a mixture of a conditional distribution of the dependent variable (income) and a distribution of the explanatory variables (individual people’s characteristics). Then, we utilized the residual imputation approach (JMP-approach). Findings & Value added: In the article data from EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) were used. We found that there exists an important diversity in the size of the gender pay gap across members of the European Union. The results obtained for these countries allowed us to group them into clusters. In general, there are two types of countries in Europe: the countries, where the bulk of the observed income differences cannot be explained by observed characteristics, and the countries, where the explained and the unexplained effects are both positive, with even a bigger explained effect for the lower income ranges.

scholarly journals El principio comunitario de no discriminación retributiva por razón de género = The Community principle of non wage discrimination because of gender

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
María del Mar Crespi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Las Mujeres

Resumen: El principio comunitario de no discriminación retributiva por razón de género es el instrumento por el que se ha tratado de erradicar en el seno de la Unión Europea la discriminación salarial que sufren las mujeres. Dicha discriminación se refleja claramente en la brecha salarial y es sólo una manifestación más de la desigualdad de género existente en el ámbito laboral. El principio ha sufrido una interesante evolución desde su nacimiento con la creación de la Comunidad Europea que refleja la creciente preocupación de ésta por los derechos humanos y la justicia social. El propósito de éste estudio es ofrecer una visión sintética pero completa del estado de la cuestión desde una perspectiva eminentemente jurídica. Por ello, se explica el funcionamiento del principio y los conceptos que lo componen, prestando especial atención a los problemas que plantea su aplicación en la práctica jurídica y las últimas novedades incorporadas por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. También se expone brevemente el sistema de garantías frente a la discriminación que la normativa europea impone a los Estados miembros. Teniendo en cuenta los datos, es evidente que pese a los esfuerzos de las Instituciones Europeas el problema persiste, ello obliga a un análisis de las deficiencias técnicas de la regulación actual, sus posibles reformas, así como nuevas vías de acción que pudiesen coadyuvar a la solución definitiva. Palabras clave: Derecho de la Unión Europea, brecha salarial, discriminación retributiva, principio de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, igualdad salarial. Abstract: The Community principle of non-wage discrimination because of gender is the tool through which the European Union has tried to eradicate the pay discrimination suffered by women. This discrimination is clearly reflected by the gender pay gap and is only one more example of the gender inequality existing in the work sphere. The principle has suffered an interesting evolution since its birth with the foundation of the European Union, and it shows its increasing interest towards human rights and social justice. The purpose of this study is to show a summary but complete vision of the state of play from an eminently legal perspective. Therefore, it explains how the principle works, and the main concepts that compose it, paying special attention to the issues arisen in its practical application and to the last developments incorporated by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The system of guarantees imposed by the European Union to the member states is also briefly exposed. Considering the statistics, it is clear that despite of the European Institution’s efforts the problem remains, so it is obviously necessary to analyse the deficiencies of the current regulation and the possible changes, as well as new ways that could help reaching the final solution. Keywords: European Union Law, gender pay gap, wage discrimination, principle of equal pay between women and men, pay equality. doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3545

scholarly journals Just gender pay gap and motherhood penalty — results of two vignette experiments. A research note

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Wysieńska-Di Carlo ◽  
Zbigniew Karpiński
Keyword(s):  
Research Note ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Motherhood Penalty ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

Based on previous research and status characteristics theories, we hypothesized that the status (in)consistency between gender, motherhood, and length of experience on the one hand, and job prestige on the other, will be a significant factor contributing to legitimized gender pay gaps. Two multifactorial (vignette) experiments conducted in Poland in 2017 and 2018 showed that job prestige, having more than one child, job experience, and gender have effects on justice evaluations (although the effects of parenthood and gender were very small and sometimes contrary to our predictions). In this note we present the methodology and results of both experiments.

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