scholarly journals ​Control Activity and Antibiotic Gene Detection of Endophytic Bacteria in Suppressing Cocoa Black Pod Disease (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Arini ◽  
Gusti Ayu Kade Sutariati ◽  
Andi Khaeruni ◽  
Teguh Wijayanto ◽  
Novita Pramahsari Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Background: Black pod rot disease of cocoa caused by (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) is one of the major diseases on cocoa plantations worldwide. Many attempts have been made to prevent or reduce the infection of pathogens, but they have not provided optimum results. This study aims to detect antibiotic genes in endophytic bacteria that can suppress cocoa black pod disease. Methods: Eight endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy cocoa pods and twigs that showed potentials in suppressing P. palmivora growth in vitro were used in suppressing of black pod rot disease in vivo tests. Antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes from eight endophytic bacterial isolates were confirmed by using PCR method, which includes phenazine-1-carboxylic (PCA), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), phenazine-1-carboxamide acid (PCN), pyoluteorin (PLT) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DPAG/Phl). Result: The endophytic bacteria, 4RSI, 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 isolates showed the highest disease suppressing index to black pod rot disease in vivo, i.e., 70.27%, 70.08% and 56.64%. The isolates 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 DNA yielded PCR product by using PCA primers (1400 bp), PRN primers (700 bp) and DAPG primers (1600 bp), while the 5RSI isolate yield PCR product using PRN primers only. Endophytic bacterial isolates 5BRB3 and 2RW B2 provided partial disease suppression to pod rot disease by inhibit pathogen growth and antibiotic compounds production.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Formula Fungisida Nabati Minyak Cengkeh dan Serai Wangi terhadap Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Harni ◽  
Efi Taufiq ◽  
Widi Amaria
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease

<p>Penyakit utama busuk buah kakao disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora dapat menurunkan hasil 20%-30%. Pengendalian penyakit<br />dengan fungisida nabati saat ini banyak dikembangkan, dengan tujuan mengurangi dampak negatif dari fungisida sintetik. Fungisida<br />nabati yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi karena mudah didapat dan bersifat fungisidal. Penelitian bertujuan<br />menganalisis pengaruh formula fungisida nabati minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi terhadap perkembangan penyakit busuk buah kakao<br />(BBK) yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun petani Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat,<br />menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok 7 perlakuan, 4 ulangan. Setiap perlakuan diamati 20 buah kakao berukuran 8-10 cm.<br />Perlakuan yang diuji adalah 1) minyak cengkeh+serai wangi, 2) minyak cengkeh+asam salisilat, 3) minyak cengkeh+silikon, 4) serai<br />wangi+asam salisilat, 5) serai wangi+silikon, 6) fungisida sintetik sebagai pembanding, dan 7) kontrol. Larutan formula (5ml/liter)<br />disemprotkan pada buah setiap 2 minggu sekali sampai buah masak atau dipanen. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase serangan,<br />intensitas serangan, kadar senyawa fenol, dan bobot biji kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula fungisida nabati<br />cengkeh dan serai wangi yang diperkaya dengan asam salisilat dan silikon dapat menekan intensitas serangan penyakit busuk buah<br />kakao sebesar 20,48%-65,62%, tidak berbeda nyata dengan fungisida sintetik (73,15%). Besarnya tingkat penekanan penyakit sejalan<br />dengan kandungan senyawa fenol pada kuit buah kakao. Semakin tinggi kadar fenol pada kulit buah, maka semakin tinggi penekanan<br />penyakit busuk buah kakao. Penggunaan formula fungisida nabati dapat menekan kehilangan produksi kakao 23,94%-43,02%.<br />Formula terbaik dan dapat dianjurkan untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao adalah minyak cengkeh+serai wangi,<br />cengkeh+asam salisilat, dan serai wangi+silikon.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kakao, Phytophthora palmivora, busuk buah kakao, fungisida nabati</p><p>Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is a major disease on cacao crops, which can cause yield losses until 20%-30%. Disease<br />control using botanical fungicide such as the use of clove and citronella oil, which have fungicidal effect, have been developed to reduce the negative<br />impact of synthetic fungicide residues. The objectives of this study was to analyze the effect of clove and citronella oil as botanical fungicide formula<br />on the development of black pod disease and seed weight of cocoa in the field. The study was carried out at farmer’s fields in Mamuju District, West<br />Sulawesi using a randomized block design with 4 replications and 7 treatment. In each treatment was observed 20 cacao pods with size 8-10 cm. The<br />treatments were 1) clove + citronella oil, 2) clove oil + salicylic acid, 3) clove oil + silicone, 4) citronella + salicylic acid, 5) citronella + silicone,<br />6) synthetic fungicides as a comparison treatment, and 7) control. The botanical formula was applied by spraying onto the entire surface of pod with<br />a concentration of 5 ml/litre every 2 weeks. Observations were include the percentage of attacks, intensity of the attack, the levels of phenolic<br />compounds, and seed weight of cacao. The results showed that the formula of botanical fungicide containing clove and citronella oil enriched with<br />salicylic acid and silicon can suppress disease attack of black pod (20.48%-65.62%), which was not significantly different from synthetic fungicide<br />(73.15%). The level of disease suppression in line with phenolic compounds of cocoa husk. In which, high phenolic contents can reduce black pod<br />disease at a higher level . The use of botanical fungicides formula can suppress the yield loss until 23.94% to 43.02%. The best formulas that can<br />be recommended in suppressing intensity of black pod disease were clove oil + citronella, clove oil + salicylic acid, and citronella + silicon.</p>

Genetic diversity of native cultivated cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Erwin Aragon ◽  
Claudia Rivera ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
Aldo Rojas ◽  
Paula Elomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

A total of 60 farmers' cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) from Nicaragua were investigated using microsatellite markers to reveal their genetic composition and to identify potentially resistant genotypes against the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora. These accessions were compared with 21 breeders' accessions maintained locally, two Criollo accessions from Costa Rica and two accessions from Ecuador. The analyses showed a low level of differentiation among groups of farmers' accessions (FST = 0.06) and that six Nicaraguan accessions were genetically closely related to the two Criollo accessions used as a reference. In addition, seven distinct genotypes were found to have allelic composition that may indicate linkage to resistance alleles, thus being potential parental lines in future breeding programmes.

scholarly journals The expression of pathogenicity-related genes in Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod rot disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-295
Author(s):  
Masanto Masanto ◽  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Nur Fathurahman Ridwan ◽  
Widhi Dyah Sawitri ◽  
Koji Kageyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Kemampuan Bakteri Endofit Akar dan Ubi Kentang untuk Menekan Penyakit Busuk Lunak (Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora) pada Ubi

Agrikultura ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Istifadah ◽  
Muhamad Salman Umar ◽  
Sudarjat Sudarjat ◽  
Luciana Djaya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Soft Rot Disease ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Rot Disease

ABSTRACTThe abilities of endophytic bacteria from potato roots and tubers to suppress soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora) in potato tuberSoft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora is one of limiting factors in cultivation and post harvest of potato. The eco-friendly control measure that can be developed for controlling the diseases is biological control. Microbes that are potential as biological control agents include endophytic bacteria. This paper discussed the results of study examining the potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from roots and tubers of potato to inhibit the growth of E. carotovora pv. carotovora in vitro and suppress soft rot disease in potato tuber. The results showed that among 24 isolates examined, four isolates of endophytic bacteria (one isolate from potato tuber and three isolates from potato roots) inhibited the growth of E. carotovora pv. carotovora in vitro with inhibition zone 3.5-6.8 mm. In the in vivo test, the isolates inhibited the soft rot disease in potato tuber by 71.5-86.4%. The isolate that tended to show relatively better inhibition in vitro and in vivo was isolate from potato tuber which is CK U3 (Lysinibacillus sp.)Keywords: Biological control, Endophytic bacteria, Post-harvest, Potato, Soft rot diseaseABSTRAKPenyakit busuk lunak yang disebabkan bakteri Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, merupakan salah satu kendala dalam budidaya dan pascapanen kentang. Cara pengendalian ramah lingkungan yang dapat dikembangkan untuk menekan penyakit tersebut adalah pengendalian biologi. Kelompok mikroba yang berpotensi sebagi agens pengendali biologi adalah bakteri endofit. Artikel ini mendiskusikan potensi isolat bakteri endofit yang berasal dari ubi dan akar kentang untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. carotovora pv. carotovora secara in vitro dan menekan perkembangan penyakit busuk lunak pada ubi kentang. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa diantara 24 isolat bakteri yang diuji, terdapat empat isolat bakteri endofit (satu isolat dari ubi kentang dan tiga isolat dari akar kentang) yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. carotovora pv. carotovora secara in vitro dengan zona penghambatan sebesar 3,5-6,8 mm. Pada pengujian secara in vivo, isolat-isolat tersebut dapat menekan perkembangan penyakit busuk lunak pada ubi kentang sebesar 71,5-86,4%. Isolat yang cenderung menunjukkan penghambatan relatif lebih baik secara in vitro dan in vivo adalah isolat bakteri endofit asal ubi kentang yaitu isolat CK U3 (Lysinibacillus sp.).Kata Kunci: Pengendalian biologi, Bakteri endofit, Pascapanen, Kentang, Penyakit busuk basah

scholarly journals Growth Inhibition of Cocoa Pod Rot Fungus Phytophthora palmivora byPseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakti Widyanta Pratama ◽  
Sri Sukamto ◽  
Lis Nur Asyiah ◽  
Yeni Vida Ervina
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
First Time ◽  
Important Disease

Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivorafungus is one of the important diseases on cocoa crop. Pod rot is the most important disease because it may cause loss of cocoa pod. Until now, the fungal pathogen of cocoa black pod disease is still a crucial problem and there is no fungicide that is really effective against the disease. One alternative to control the cocoa black pod disease is by using biological agents as biofungicide, including utilizing Pseudomonas fluorescenceand Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The research was done by isolation of P. palmivora from infected pods of Kaliwining Experimental Station to obtain pure cultures of fungus and by multiplication of P. fluorescence and B. subtilis. Antagonist test was performed by inoculating P. palmivora into a petri dish in a distance of 3 cm from the edge. P. fluorescenceand B. Subtilis were inoculated into petridishes in three days after the fungal treatment. Control was inoculated with isolate of P. palmivora only. Fungal growth was measured everyday by measuring radius of fungal colonies first time 24 hours after inoculation. Growth of Phytophthora palmivora in the two treatmens were used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The results of this study indicated that P. fluorescence and B. subtiliswere able to inhibit fungal growth of P. palmivora. Both bacterial antagonists had the same effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of P. palmivora fungus based on the percentage of inhibition and effectiveness criteria. Based on the results of translucent zones indicated that B. subtiliswas more powerfull in inhibiting growth of P. Palmivora compared to P. fluorescence. Key words: Black pod disease of cocoa, biological control, Phytophthora palmivora, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis

scholarly journals Aktivitas Bakteri Kitinolitik dari Cangkang Perna viridis sebagai Antifungi Phytophthora palmivora Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

bionature ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulfia Nurul Khikmah ◽  
Muhson Isroni Isroni ◽  
Anisa Maulidiya
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Chitinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Chitinolytic Bacteria ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Bacterial Characterization ◽  
Physiological Characters

Abstract. The emphasis on the growth of Phytophthora palmivora was important in order to reduce Pod Rot Disease of cacao (Theobrorna cacao L.) which could harm agriculture sector. Some bacteria had chitinolytic enzyme activity that is potentially used as an antifungal against Phytophthora palmivora, because the cell wall of the fungi composed of chitin. The purpose of this research was to know chitinolytic bacteria from Perna viridis shell which had higher activity of chitinase enzyme, the amount of chitinase enzyme activity of each selected isolate, and to know the effect of chitinolytic bacterial isolates from Perna viridis shell to reduce the growth of Phytophthora palmivora. The bacteria were isolated from Perna viridis shell at Depok Beach, Kretek, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This research was an explorative research which include bacterial characterization and experimental research which include antagonistic test of chitinolytic bacteria against Phytophthora palmivora. The chitinolytic bacteria was isolated using selective chitin agar medium by pour plate method and then screening the isolates that had chitinase enzyme activity by measuring the enzyme activity of each bacterial isolates by spectrophotometric method. Selected bacterial isolates were characterized by macroscopic, microscopic and physiological characters. The bacteria that had been selected tested for their ability to reduce the growth of Phytophthora palmivora by Kirby Bauer modification method. The result showed that there were 10 isolates that had chitinase enzyme activity which two selected isolates had the higher chitinase enzyme activity. There were 7D and 6B isolates. The isolate 7D had 1,258 u/ml chitinase enzyme activity and isolate 6B had 1,212 u/ml chitinase enzyme activity. The result of chitinolytic bacterial antagonist test on Phytophthora palmivora growth showed that both bacterial isolates were potential to antifungal Phytophthora palmivora and showed a real effect in inhibiting the growth of Phytophthora palmivora with significance value < 0,05.Keywords: Chitinolytic Bacteria, Perna viridis, Phytophthora palmivora

scholarly journals ASAI KEMAMPUAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT DARI KACANG TANAH DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Sclerotium sp. PADA KECAMBAH KACANG TANAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Lisa Novita Arios ◽  
Dwi Suryanto . ◽  
Kiki Nurtjahja . ◽  
Erman Munir .
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Assay on ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from peanut to inhibit Sclerotium sp. growth in peanut seedlings.   A study on assay of ability of endophytic bacteria to inhibit Sclerotium sp. in peanut seedling has been done. The bacteria were isolated from peanut healthy plants, while Sclerotium sp. was isolated from infected peanaut plant. Antagonistic assay was conducted by dual culture method.  In vivo assay of inhibiting Sclerotium sp. was conducted by dipping peanut seed in bacterial solution, and planting the seed in soil:compost (3:1) growing media. Six endophytic bacterial isolates showed to inhibit the growth of Sclerotium sp. in vitro. LN1 seemed to inhibit more of Sclerotium sp., while LN5 showed to inhibit less. Two potential isolates LN1 of gram-negative and LN2 of gram-positive using for further study showed to decrease more of dumping off. It also seemed that the isolates increased the seedling height, number of leaves, and dry weight.

scholarly journals Isolation, identification and characterization of endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod of cocoa in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Alsultan ◽  
Ganesan Vadamalai ◽  
Ahmad Khairulmazmi ◽  
Halimi Mohd Saud ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Identification And Characterization
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