scholarly journals Do countries with different cultural, social and religious backgrounds behave the same way concerning women’s representation on corporate boards?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264
Author(s):  
Gonca Gungor Goksu ◽  
Maria Luisa Esteban Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
New Evidence

This study focuses on female representation on corporate boards in Turkey and Spain, two countries in which clear differences exist in social, cultural and religious contexts. Using data from the most influential companies in the two states, we have investigated the presence of women in the boardrooms in 2014. We present new evidence on the comparison of outcomes of women’s participation on boards. Results show differences in the involvement of women on the boards of major companies in Turkey and Spain. Statistical analysis suggests that the presence of women on the most powerful boards of directors of Spanish companies is higher than that of Turkish companies, and there are statistically significant differences between the two countries. This article offers insights to policy makers interested in analysing whether differences, values and beliefs between countries could influence the role of women in the decision-making process of the upper echelons of business. Keywords: Turkey, Spain, board of directors, female directors, corporate governance.  

The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Ferris ◽  
Cheneal Puljević ◽  
Florian Labhart ◽  
Adam Winstock ◽  
Emmanuel Kuntsche
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multivariate Multilevel Models

Abstract Aims This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries. Methods Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries. Results The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Conclusions Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.

New Empirical Evidence of the Role of Interest Groups in Influencing the Growth of Government

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wagner ◽  
Russell S. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Political Action Committees ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract We provide new evidence regarding the role of interest groups in influencing the size and growth of government spending. Using data on the change in individual legislators’ total voted and sponsored spending from the status quo, we explore this relationship in a manner closer to the public choice tradition. Examining the impact diat interest groups have on individual legislators’ preferences for new spending, we find that interest groups within a legislator’s district exhibit more influence on the short-run growth of the budget than do Political Action Committees.

Role of Macroeconomic Variables in Entrepreneurship Development: Evidence from Renewable Energy Sector of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-83
Author(s):  
Maheshwar Prasad Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

This study analyzes the impact of macroeconomic variables on entrepreneurship development in renewable energy sector of Nepal. This study examines the effect of GDP, market size in terms of population and number of households, and sales in terms of number of renewable energy systems installed on entrepreneurship development, i.e., number of renewable energy enterprises (REEs) using data from 1992/93 to 2016/17 by estimating various logarithmic models. The study concludes that the most important factor affecting entrepreneurship development is market size followed by GDP and sales in the context of renewable energy sector in Nepal. This study is considered to be useful for REEs, development actors, academia and policy makers creating employment by increasing production and providing energy in the country. The study can be further extended by incorporating the opinion and views of respondents from customers, regulating authorities and development actors in the sector to get greater insight into the results.

Government Spending Transparency on the Internet

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evika Karamagioli ◽  
Eleni-Revekka Staiou ◽  
Dimitris Gouscos
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
Using Data

The objective of this article is to present four civil society initiatives that attempt to scrutinize government spending using open data from the Greek government OpenGov initiative Diavgeia project (“diavgeia”, in Greek, standing for lucidity). In a period of strong economic recession, Greece is facing one of the most intense social and political crisis of its history, with citizens characterized by substantial disenchantment with politics and a cynical stance about their government and representatives. The Diavgeia project was launched in 2010 by the Greek government with the objective to bring back transparency and trust in the political process, enabling online insights into government spending. By reviewing current bottom-up initiatives in Greece that are using data from Diavgeia in an effort to serve the principles of transparency, openness, and offering public data in a manner easy to understand, evaluate and re-use, we discuss the role of open government mechanisms in introducing a new relation between citizens and policy-makers, tackling contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and reconnecting ordinary people with politics and policy-making.

scholarly journals Digital Entrepreneurs in Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics: Who Are They?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Bongsug (Kevin) Chae ◽  
Gyuhyeong Goh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Key Resources ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

Digital technologies are key resources for entrepreneurial activities and there is great interest in digital entrepreneurship. While much research has focused on the role of digital technologies in entrepreneurship and how they are shaping the field, there has been relatively little research on those key players of digital entrepreneurship. Using data from Crunchbase and Twitter API and a learning machine, this study attempts to answer the question of “who are digital entrepreneurs?” This study reports that digital entrepreneurs in the artificial intelligence and data analytics (AIDA) industry are more likely to be male and to be active and connected online than non-digital entrepreneurs. In addition, they tend to be more extroverted and less conscientious and agreeable than other, non-digital, entrepreneurs. Our findings help to develop a clearer picture of digital entrepreneurs, which would be of great interest to investors, policy makers, current and future digital entrepreneurs and educators.

scholarly journals Explaining Gaps in Readiness for College-Level Math: The Role of High School Courses

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Long ◽  
Patrice Iatarola ◽  
Dylan Conger
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Postsecondary Institutions ◽  
Asian Students ◽  
College Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
College Going ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
Using Data

Despite increased requirements for high school graduation, almost one-third of the nation's college freshmen are unprepared for college-level math. The need for remediation is particularly high among students who are low income, Hispanic, and black. Female students are also less likely than males to be ready for college-level math. This article estimates how much of these gaps are determined by the courses that students take while in high school. Using data on students in Florida public postsecondary institutions, we find that differences among college-going students in the highest math course taken explain 28–35 percent of black, Hispanic, and poverty gaps in readiness and over three-quarters of the Asian advantage. Courses fail to explain gender gaps in readiness. Low-income, black, and Asian students also receive lower returns to math courses, suggesting differential educational quality. This analysis is valuable to policy makers and educators seeking to reduce disparities in college readiness.

scholarly journals Economic growth in Africa: The role of corporate governance and stock market developments

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Policies And Programs

The study explored the link between corporate governance, stock market developments and economic growth by using data on selected African countries. Analysis was done within the Arellano-Bond Dynamic Panel data modelling. Results show that corporate governance and particularly the independence of corporate boards is important for firm performance and economic growth and that stock markets also play an important role in economic development. However, while market size is conclusive, our findings points to the fact that an increase in stock market activities must be focused and carefully supported with appropriate mix of policies and programs in order to achieve the desired impact on economic growth because too many policies could erode the effect of critical indicators.

scholarly journals The Role of Experts in a Democratic Society

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Ivan Cerovac
Keyword(s):  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Academic Networks ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Democratic Procedure ◽  
Political Decisions

Democratic procedures are characterized by the equal status of all citizens participating in the decision-making process. This procedural fairness represents one of the central aspects of democracy's legitimacy-generating potential and should not be rejected or weakened. However, citizens specialize in different areas and inevitably some citizens become more competent (i.e. become experts) regarding some political issues. Democratic procedure would loose much of its appeal if it would be unable to take advantage of the experts' knowledge. In this paper I follow Kitcher and Christiano in embracing a form of division of epistemic (and political) labour - citizens and their political representatives should deliberate and set aims the political community is to pursue, while experts and policy-makers should devise means (laws, public policies and political decisions) needed to achieve the aims set by citizens. However, citizens should not blindly trust the experts - their epistemic authority is derivative and social and academic networks and structures should be employed in order to enable citizens to assess and evaluate experts' competence, but experts' impartiality regarding the issue at hand as well. Consequently, the process should not be unidirectional: experts should be able to help citizens select feasible and coherent aims, while citizens should be able to help experts in creating policies and decisions. Deliberative democracy is an appropriate political setting for this kind of bidirectional communication.

Government Spending Transparency on the Internet

2015 ◽  
pp. 1149-1165
Author(s):  
Evika Karamagioli ◽  
Eleni-Revekka Staiou ◽  
Dimitris Gouscos
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
Using Data

The objective of this article is to present four civil society initiatives that attempt to scrutinize government spending using open data from the Greek government OpenGov initiative Diavgeia project (“diavgeia”, in Greek, standing for lucidity). In a period of strong economic recession, Greece is facing one of the most intense social and political crisis of its history, with citizens characterized by substantial disenchantment with politics and a cynical stance about their government and representatives. The Diavgeia project was launched in 2010 by the Greek government with the objective to bring back transparency and trust in the political process, enabling online insights into government spending. By reviewing current bottom-up initiatives in Greece that are using data from Diavgeia in an effort to serve the principles of transparency, openness, and offering public data in a manner easy to understand, evaluate and re-use, we discuss the role of open government mechanisms in introducing a new relation between citizens and policy-makers, tackling contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and reconnecting ordinary people with politics and policy-making.

Government Spending Transparency on the Internet

2015 ◽  
pp. 866-883
Author(s):  
Evika Karamagioli ◽  
Eleni-Revekka Staiou ◽  
Dimitris Gouscos
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
Using Data

The objective of this article is to present four civil society initiatives that attempt to scrutinize government spending using open data from the Greek government OpenGov initiative Diavgeia project (“diavgeia”, in Greek, standing for lucidity). In a period of strong economic recession, Greece is facing one of the most intense social and political crisis of its history, with citizens characterized by substantial disenchantment with politics and a cynical stance about their government and representatives. The Diavgeia project was launched in 2010 by the Greek government with the objective to bring back transparency and trust in the political process, enabling online insights into government spending. By reviewing current bottom-up initiatives in Greece that are using data from Diavgeia in an effort to serve the principles of transparency, openness, and offering public data in a manner easy to understand, evaluate and re-use, we discuss the role of open government mechanisms in introducing a new relation between citizens and policy-makers, tackling contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and reconnecting ordinary people with politics and policy-making.

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