scholarly journals A note on the configuration of the digital ecosystem in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán J. Ács ◽  
Esteban Lafuente ◽  
László Szerb
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Platform Economy ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Non Parametric

We evaluate the main characteristics of the digital ecosystem of North American (USA and Canada) and 16 Latin American economies for 2019. By employing the ‘benefit of the doubt’ model rooted in non-parametric techniques to scrutinize a composite indicator designed to assess the digital ecosystem (i.e., the Digital Platform Economy (DPE) index), the analysis allows the computation of endogenous (country-specific) weights that can be used for developing more informed policy making. The results show that countries prioritize different aspects of their digital ecosystem which confirms that, contrary to homogeneous prescription, tailor-made policy is a more desirable approach if the objective is to optimize the resources deployed to enhance the countries’ digital ecosystem.

A Populist Precursor: Guillermo Billinghurst

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The North ◽  
Popular Movements ◽  
Universal Nature

The term ‘populism’ has been used to describe many of the popular movements that have appeared in Latin America in recent decades. It is an ‘imprecise term’, to use the words of Professor Skidmore, and the large number of definitions available, indicates how imprecise the term, in fact, has become. Definitions of a universal nature are of limited use, for populism seems to vary according to geographical region: the North American populist differs from the Russian populist, who differs from the African populist, who differs from the Latin American populist, and so on. Even when dealing with the specific area of Latin America there is no consistency. Writers disagree on whether Latin American populists are Left- or Right- Wing, anti- or pro-status quo, reformists or opportunists, rigid or flexible with regard to ideology.

Authoritarianism and the Growth of the State in Latin America

1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Most
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Bureaucratic State

The discussion focuses on the effects that changing forms of authoritarian rule and the growth of a bureaucratic state had on A gentine public policies during the 1930-1970 interval. Hitherto quite separate literatures are brought together in the examination of two different arguments. The first, drawn from the emerging literature on authoritarianism and corporatism in Latin America, suggests that the trends in Argentine public policies should have been interrupted whenever different types of authoritarian coalitions sequentially replaced each other in power. The second thesis, drawn primarily from research on Latin American bureaucracies and North American policy analyses, suggests that there is a need to disaggregate the coalition/policy linkage. It hypothesizes that four factors which developed at about the midpoint of the 1930-1970 period in Argentina—the growth of a large and well-entrenched public sector, limitations on the ability of political elites to press their policy demands, limitations on previously uncommitted resources, and the existence of a crisis of hegemony—should have increasingly constrained the policy-making importance of the coalitions and the leaders who represented them in the highest levels of government. Coalitions and elites should have been increasingly unable to direct and indirect policies in the ways which they preferred. Interrupted time-series analyses of seven policy series provided support for the constraints thesis. Coalitions and those who governed at the top were once important in Argentina as the authoritarian literature suggests. Coalition changes did not occur in a vacuum, however. Once the four state-related constraints developed, such shifts came to have only marginal impacts on the examined policy indicators.

scholarly journals Tackling COVID-19 Pandemic through Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Bibliometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Espinosa ◽  
Victor Cuenca ◽  
Ahmed Eissa-Garcés ◽  
Ivan Sisa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Country Specific

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the worst-hit regions globally by COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, scarce literature exists that examines the research strategy of LAC in facing COVID-19. The present study aims to quantify and assess the production of COVID-19 publications in thirty-two countries in LAC during the first half of 2020. A Scopus/PubMed/LILACS search was performed to retrieve research articles related to COVID-19 published from January 1 to July 31, 2020. Subgroup analysis including only original publications was used to better ascertain the contribution of LAC countries, and standardization measures were applied to comparisons of country-specific contributions. We identified 1291 publications across the region. Overall, most articles in the region were non-original (81.6%), and the most productive countries were Brazil (43.9%), Mexico (9.14%), and Colombia (7.98%). This trend shifted to Chile after the standardization. Among original studies, the most common study design was cross-sectional (25.8%). LAC countries generate articles primarily pertaining to diagnosis and treatment (27.4%). In the subgroup analysis, however, epidemiology and surveillance was the most prevalent research focus (24.1%). LAC countries should perform more research with a higher level of evidence to inform health policy making to ease the burden of COVID-19 in the region.

scholarly journals Adapting the standardised computer- and interview-based 24 h dietary recall method (GloboDiet) for dietary monitoring in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 2847-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Bel-Serrat ◽  
Viktoria Knaze ◽  
Genevieve Nicolas ◽  
Dirce M Marchioni ◽  
Josiane Steluti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
International Collaborations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Dietary Monitoring ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Ultimate Purpose ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Food Consumed

AbstractObjectiveThe present study describes the procedure and approaches needed to adapt and harmonise the GloboDiet methodology, a computer- and interview-based 24 h dietary recall, for use in two Latin American pilot countries, Brazil and Mexico.DesignAbout seventy common and country-specific databases on foods, recipes, dietary supplements, quantification methods and coefficients were customised and translated following standardised guidelines, starting from existing Spanish and Portuguese versions.SettingBrazil and Mexico.SubjectsNot applicable.ResultsNew subgroups were added into the existing common food classification together with new descriptors required to better classify and describe specific Brazilian and Mexican foods. Quantification methods were critically evaluated and adapted considering types and quantities of food consumed in these two countries, using data available from previous surveys. Furthermore, the photos to be used for quantification purposes were identified for compilation in country-specific but standardised picture booklets.ConclusionsThe completion of the customisation of the GloboDiet Latin America versions in these two pilot countries provides new insights into the adaptability of this dietary international tool to the Latin American context. The ultimate purpose is to enable dietary intake comparisons within and between Latin American countries, support building capacities and foster regional and international collaborations. The development of the GloboDiet methodology could represent a major benefit for Latin America in terms of standardised dietary methodologies for multiple surveillance, research and prevention purposes.

Popular Religions and the Building of Democracy in Latin America: Saving the Tocquevillian Parallel

1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Do Latin America’s popular religions contribute to the formation of citizens and the development of civil society—the infrastructure of democracy—in ways that parallel the operation of the religious factor in the development of North American democracy as perceived by Tocqueville? Examining evidence prompting both negative and positive responses, this essay argues that Catholicism, Pentecostalism, and Afro-Brazilian Spiritism all contain tendencies that contribute to the development of pluralist democracy in the Latin American republics.

José Ingenieros, Argentine Intellectual Historian: La Evolución de Las Ideas Argentinas

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
Paul S. Holbo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Scientific Congress ◽  
Pan American ◽  
American Union

When Dr. José Ingenieros died in late October, 1925, the New York Times published a brief notice of his passing. The obituary mentioned that the “noted Argentine alienist [psychiatrist] and writer ”had attended the Pan-American Scientific Congress held at Washington, D. C. in 1915. But it stressed his recent advocacy of the slogan “Latin America for the Latin Americans ”and his suggestion that the Pan American Union be replaced by a Latin American Union, which would be free of the influence of “foreign imperialism ”and North American “money lenders.”

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Analysis of COVID-19 Impact in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Ashktorab ◽  
Antonio Pizuomo ◽  
Nora Alma Fierro González ◽  
Edgar Daniel Copado Villagrana ◽  
María Evangelina Herrera-Solís ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Specific Management ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract Background: Latin America has now become the epicenter of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In the ongoing COVID -19 pandemic, a profound burden of SARS-COV-2 infection has been reported in Latin America. In the present study, we aim to determine the profiles that are associated with this disease in Latin America. We analyzed symptoms, morbidities and gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations by country.Methods: We analyzed data from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients evaluated at healthcare centers and hospitals of 8 Latin American countries including Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia between March 1 and July 30, 2020. These countries consist of a total population that exceeds 519 million. Demographics, comorbidities and clinical symptoms were collected. Statistical descriptive analysis and correlation analyses of symptoms, comorbidities and lethality were performed.Results: A total of 728,282 patients tested positive for COVID-19 across all the 8 Latin American countries. Of these, 52.6% were female. The average age was 48.4 years. Peru had the oldest cohort with 56.8 years old and highest rate of females (56.8%) while Chile had the youngest cohort (39 years old). Venezuela had the highest male prevalence (56.7%). Most common symptoms were cough with 60.1% (Bolivia had the highest rate 78%), fatigue/tiredness with 52.0%, sore throat with 50.3%, and fever with 44.2%. Bolivia had fever as the top symptom (83.3%). GI symptoms including diarrhea (highest in Mexico with 22.9%), nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were not associated with higher mortality. Hypertension was among the top (12.1%) comorbidities followed by diabetes with 8.3% and obesity 4.5%. In multivariable analyses, the leading and significant comorbidities were hypertension (r=0.83, p=0.02), diabetes (r=0.91, p=0.01), and obesity (r=0.86, p=0.03). Asthma (r=0.37, p=0.54) and increasing age (0.13 p=0.81) were not independently associated with higher mortality. Lethality was highest in Mexico (16.6%) and lowest in Venezuela (0.9%) among the analyzed cohorts.Conclusion: Nearly, 10.5%–53% of patients with COVID-19 have GI manifestations. Differential clinical symptoms were associated with COVID-19 in Latin America countries. Metabolic syndrome components were the main comorbidities associated with poor outcome. Country-specific management and prevention plans are needed. Country-specific management and prevention plans can be established from this meta-analysis.

scholarly journals Humeral Retroversion and Participation Age in Professional Baseball Pitchers by Geographic Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Thomas ◽  
Scott Sheridan ◽  
Katherine E. Reuther
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
American Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Humeral Retroversion

Context Baseball is played around the world, including in North America and Latin America. The repetitive and stressful act of throwing can lead to adaptations such as increased humeral retroversion (HR) in the throwing arm. This adaptation is often considered beneficial as it allows more glenohumeral external rotation during the cocking phase of pitching without soft tissue stretching. Therefore, it is speculated that throwing should be started at a young age to capitalize on this adaptation. Interestingly, athletes in different geographic regions of the world often begin organized baseball at different ages. However, range of motion (ROM), HR, and the starting age of baseball have never been examined based on geographic region. Objective To determine if ROM, HR, and the starting age of baseball players differed between professional baseball pitchers from North America and Latin America. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Clinical setting. Patients or Other Participants Thirty professional pitchers (North American = 19, Latin American = 11) with no current injury or surgery in the previous 6 months. Main Outcome Measure(s) Both ROM and HR were measured in the dominant and nondominant shoulder of each participant. The starting age for baseball was self-reported. Results The Latin American group had more dominant-arm HR (8.7°; P = .034), more nondominant-arm external rotation (5.3°; P = .049), and a trend toward more nondominant-arm HR (6.5°; P = .058), yet they started playing baseball at a later age (by 3.7 years; P = .021) compared with the North American group. Conclusions Latin American players had greater HR but started playing baseball at an older age. These findings contradict current thinking that HR would be more pronounced if baseball was started at a younger age. Additional research is required to better understand HR and the genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors that contribute to its development.

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