scholarly journals Vowels Reading Of Arabic Present Tense In Yaf’al Form For Lip And Coronal Articulation/ Pembacaan Vokal Pola Fiil Mudhori Yaf’al Bagi Artikulasi Bibir Dan Koronal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Azim Mohamad Isa ◽  
Zawawi Ismail ◽  
Hairun Najuwah Jamali ◽  
Fitri Nurul’ain Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Students ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
Verb Tense

The Arabic vowel consists of three main vowels namely /a/ (fathah), the vowel /i/ (kasrah), and the vowel /u/ (dhammah). This study aims to analyze the vowels of the Arabic present tense in the pattern' af'al which is determined by the arrangement of letters. This study also aims to help read active verbs of yaf’al Arabic among Arabic language students who have difficulty determining the correct vowel of the three vowel fractions. In addition, this study can help linguists in general and Arabic in particular to determine the vowel reading of the letter 'ain (ع) on the active verb pattern of modern Arabic' af'al which is divided into vowels / a / (fathah), vowel /i/ (kasrah), and the vowel /u/ (dammah). This study uses a qualitative method. Samples of this study were taken from Al-Khalil dictionary as well as al-Ma'aniy online dictionary. Only three syllable active verbs are analyzed as the three syllable active verbs in Arabic will change to three different vowels when in the verb tense. The analysis is focused on the arrangement of the letters' ain (ع) in the past tense verb. Clearly, the study's findings have shown that the arrangement of 'ain (ع) on the active Arabic verb of the past affects the vowel on the 'ain (ع) active verb of the present Arabic. At the same time, this study provides an alternative that shows that the vowels at the letter 'ain (ع) of the active Arabic verb of the present time are non-random.

scholarly journals RHETORICAL PATTERNS, VERB TENSE, AND VOICE IN CROSS DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharifah Hanidar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Active Voice ◽  
Rhetorical Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Verb Tense

This article investigates research article abstracts in terms of their rhetorical patterns and the use of verb tenses and voice. A total of 40 abstracts were selected from four international journals in the fields of Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Linguistics, and Medicine. A four move model was adopted from Hardjanto (1997) to analyze the structure of the abstracts. The results show that all the abstracts have Move 1, creating a research space; 70% have Move 2, describing research procedure; 85% have Move 3, summarizing principal results; and 85% have Move 4, evaluating results. All the abstracts in medicine have Moves 1, 2, 3 and 4, whereas the most common pattern in Biology is Moves 1, 3 and 4, in Mechanical Engineering Moves 1, 2 and 3, and in Linguistics Moves 1, 2 and 4. This seems to suggest that there is a disciplinary variation in the structuring of RA abstracts in the four disciplines under investigation. With regard to the use of verb tense and voice in each move, the present tense and past tense in the active voice and the past tense in the passive voice were the most frequently used tenses. The present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Moves 1 and 4, while the past tense in the active voice was commonly used in Move 3 and the past tense in the passive voice was frequently found in Move 2. Furthermore, it was found that the present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Biology, Mechanical Engineering and Linguistics, whereas the past tense in the active voice occurred more frequently in Medicine, and the past tense in the passive voice was more frequently found in Mechanical Engineering than in other disciplines. 

scholarly journals Readers’ Insensitivity to Tense Revealed: No Differences in Mental Simulation During Reading of Present and Past Tense Stories

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn S. Eekhof ◽  
Anita Eerland ◽  
Roel M. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Literary Reading ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Verb Tense

While the importance of mental simulation during literary reading has long been recognized, we know little about the factors that determine when, what, and how much readers mentally simulate. Here we investigate the influence of a specific text characteristic, namely verb tense (present vs. past), on mental simulation during literary reading. Verbs usually denote the actions and events that take place in narratives and hence it is hypothesized that verb tense will influence the amount of mental simulation elicited in readers. Although the present tense is traditionally considered to be more “vivid”, this study is one of the first to experimentally assess this claim. We recorded eye-movements while subjects read stories in the past or present tense and collected data regarding self-reported levels of mental simulation, transportation and appreciation. We found no influence of tense on any of the offline measures. The eye-tracking data showed a slightly more complex pattern. Although we did not find a main effect of sensorimotor simulation content on reading times, we were able to link the degree to which subjects slowed down when reading simulation eliciting content to offline measures of attention and transportation, but this effect did not interact with the tense of the story. Unexpectedly, we found a main effect of tense on reading times per word, with past tense stories eliciting longer first fixation durations and gaze durations. However, we were unable to link this effect to any of the offline measures. In sum, this study suggests that tense does not play a substantial role in the process of mental simulation elicited by literary stories.

SEMANTIC EFFECTS OF VERB TENSE IN PARENTHETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH MENTAL VERBS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Kustova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Mental Verbs

Parenthetical constructions with verbs of opinion (as I think) are considered as the result of the reduction of the main clause: Ja dumaju, chto priglashenie prislal professor Wiler → Priglashenie, kak ja dumaju, prislal professor Wiler. The meaning of the mental verb tense affects the interpretation of the sentence. In the present tense, construction as I think introduces an assumption with a neutral status: Eto proizojdet, kak ja dumaju, v samom blizhajshem budushchem [Ju. Semenov]—‘no one knows, P or non-P’. In the past tense, construction as I thought introduces a wrong assumption: Djadja, kotoryj, kak ja dumal, davno zabyl o podarennykh chasakh, vosprinjal etu novost’ boleznenno.

‘Colloquialization’ in fiction: A corpus-driven analysis of present-tense fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-304
Author(s):  
Reiko Ikeo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
Present Tense

Over the past decade, more and more writers have used the present tense as the primary tense for their fictional narratives. This article shows that contemporary present-tense fiction has more lexical and syntactic characteristics which are similar to spoken discourse than past-tense fiction by comparing lexis and structures in two corpora: a corpus consisting of present-tense narratives and a corpus of past-tense narratives. It also discusses how the use of the present tense affects the management of viewpoint in narrative by relating its lexical, structural characteristics to the presentation of characters’ speech and thoughts.

scholarly journals The Golok Dialect and Written Tibetan past-tense verb forms

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Sprigg
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Present Tense

Tibetan orthography looks phonetically challenging, to say the least; and one may well wonder whether such tongue-twisting combinations as the brj of brjes, the blt- of bltas, or the bst- of bstan ever did twist a Tibetan tongue, or whether the significance of these and other such orthographic forms might not have been morphophonemic in origin, with the letters r, l, and s in the syllable initial of forms such as these serving to associate these past-tense forms lexically with their corresponding present-tense forms; e.g. Viewed in relation to Tibetan orthography the past-tense forms of a class of verbs in the Golok dialect seem to support this hypothesis. Table 1, below, contains a number of examples of Golok verbs in their past-tense and present-tense forms to illustrate a type of phonological analysis suited to that view of the r syllable-initial unit in the Golok examples, and, indirectly, in the WT examples too (the symbols b and b will be accounted for in section (B) below).

Producing inflected verbs

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieke Tabak ◽  
Robert Schreuder ◽  
R. H. Baayen
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
As Effects

Four picture naming experiments addressing the production of regular and irregular pasttense forms in Dutch are reported. Effects of inflectional entropy as well as effects of the frequency of the past-tense inflected form across regulars and irregulars support models with a redundant lexicon while challenging the dual mechanism model (Pinker, 1997). The evidence supports the hypothesis of Stemberger (2004) and the general approach of Word and Paradigm morphology (Blevins, 2003) according to which inflected forms are not derived from the present-tense stem, but accessed independently.

The Referentiality of Tenses

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Theo Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Old Irish ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Context Of Situation

Abstract. This article assumes that tenses in English and Dutch are non-time-based. A verb in the present tense form signals 'verb-in-this-context-of-situation', whereas a verb in the past tense form signals 'verb-in-that-context-of-situation'. It is argued here that the non-time-based analysis of tenses is particularly relevant in cases in which two tense forms should indicate the same time, but have to be interpreted as indicating different times. This discrepancy may occur in the relative use of tenses in various languages (e.g. Classical Greek, Old Irish, Ngiti, and Russian).

Zero verb marking in Sranan

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid De Wit ◽  
Frank Brisard
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Lexical Aspect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Basic Level

In the Surinamese creole language Sranan, verbs in finite clauses that lack overt TMA-marking are often considered to be ambiguous between past and present interpretations (depending on the lexical aspect of the verb involved) or analyzed as having a perfective value. We claim that these verbs are in fact zero-marked, and we investigate the various uses of this zero expression in relation to context and lexical aspect on the basis of corpus data and native speaker elicitations. It is shown that existing analyses do not cover and unify all the various uses of the construction. We propose, as an alternative, to regard the zero form as present perfective marker, whereby tense and aspect are conceived of as fundamentally epistemic categories, in line with Langacker (1991). This combination of present tense and perfective aspect, which is regarded as infelicitous in typological studies of tense and aspect (cf. the ‘present perfective paradox’, Malchukov 2009), gives rise to the various interpretations associated with zero. However, in all of its uses, zero still indicates that, at the most basic level, a situation belongs to the speaker’s conception of ‘immediate reality’ (her domain of ‘inclusion’). This basic ‘presentness’ distinguishes zero from the past-tense marker ben, which implies dissociation.

scholarly journals О соотношении двух плюсквамперфектов в псковских говорах в сопоставлении с инославянским материалом

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. В. Ермолова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense

There are two pluperfect forms in Pskov dialects: “to be (past tense) + vši-form” and “to be (past tense) +l-form”. The first one has a resultative meaning and should be considered in the row of other perfective forms with the verb to be in the present tense, future tense and in the form of subjunctive mood. The second one has a meaning of discontinuous past. Apparently, it is a grammeme of the past tense and it is opposed to the “simple” past tense by the meaning of the irrelevance of the action to the present. There are similar systems with two pluperfect forms in other Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

scholarly journals Obligatory features of Lithuanian verbal inflection classes

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 268-290
Author(s):  
Jurgis Pakerys
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense

Lithuanian verbal inflection classes are defined by tense suffixes, stem‑forming affixes, vowel and consonant alternations, and accentuation patterns. I make a distinction between obligatory features that are relevant for every verb and non‑obligatory features that characterize only part of the verbs. I argue that the obligatory features are the present and the past tense suffixes combined with mobile and immobile accentuation patterns, while the rest of the features are optional. When only the obligatory features are taken into account, three types of the present tense (‑a‑, ‑i‑, ‑o‑) and two types of the past tense (‑ė‑, ‑o‑) suffixes are found in five combinations (‑a‑/‑ė‑, ‑a‑/‑o‑, ‑i‑/‑o‑, ‑o‑/‑ė‑, ‑o‑/‑o‑) with further variants defined by two types of mobile and one type of immobile accentuation, resulting in eighteen suffixal‑accentual combinations in standard Lithuanian. The combinations of features characterizing the present and the past stems support the view of inflection classes as classes of stems rather than of lexemes (Stump 2016).

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