scholarly journals HOW MUCH HEAVIER IS A “HOE” FOR WOMEN? WAGE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-62
Author(s):  
Kalu Soraia Schwaab ◽  
Vanessa Rabelo Dutra ◽  
Paulo Fernando Marschner ◽  
Paulo Sergio Ceretta
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Rural Labor

This paper aims at analyzing the existence of wage differentials by genders in the agricultural labor market in the Brazilian rural area, with the purpose of verifying if the differentials are due to differences in explained characteristics or discriminatory. Equations were estimated and the wage differential detailed decomposition with microdata from the PNAD 2015 with the Heckman's correction. The method used was the decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder. The main results show that the wage/hour of men is 157.62% higher than that of women, and the effect of discrimination is 108.38% this gap. The main conclusion indicates that the gender wage differential decreases with the formality of work and with the increase of hours worked by women. It is worth nothing that the results provide the visualization of gender discrimination in the rural labor market, adding contributions to the empirical studies on wage differentials.

scholarly journals Review of methodological approaches to the analysis of the transformation of the agricultural labor market in modern Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-214
Author(s):  
Maria N. Mukhanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
New Production ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
The Social

The article provides an overview and generalization of Russian studies of the transformation of the agricultural labor market in the post-Soviet period. Researchers of the Russian countryside reflect the obtained results in publications mainly describing the problems associated with the Russian countryside and the agricultural labor market. This is, first of all, the destruction of the rural infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, the interaction of old and new production entities (agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, private household plots and agricultural holdings), the loss of communication between villagers and agricultural enterprises, the villagers models of social adaptation and labor behavior. These processes served as a methodological support for the analysis and empirical evidence of how consciously villagers have been changing social and labor practices under the pressure of institutional transformations and agricultural modernization. Based on the choice of rational behavioral models in the labor market, they transformed the social structure of the village under the pressure of the market economy values, new rules, norms and institutional requirements. Modern processes in the agro-industrial field in the context of the property transformation contributed to the formation of a new agrarian structure, constructed by new subjects. The new and old production subjects interact in a multi-structured economy. They are important “players” in the institutional field of the agricultural sector, thus influencing the social and structural processes in the labor market. This determined a new configuration of the social rural groups employed in the formal and informal sectors.

scholarly journals Wage Differentials Between Native and Foreign Born Canadians

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Tandon ◽  
K. K. Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Local Labor Market ◽  
Female Wage

The intent of this paper is to estimate the extent of male-female wage differential in a local labor market among the Native born and Foreign born Canadians

scholarly journals IS THERE DISCRIMINATION AMONG BRAZILIAN LAWYERS? A RANDOM-EFFECTS APPROACH

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (56) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Amorim Loureiro ◽  
Adolfo Sachsiada ◽  
Tito Belchior Silva Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Econometric Evidence ◽  
Over Time

The paper investigates the existence of discrimination amongst lawyers in the private sector of the Brazilian labor market. Using the random-effects approach to estimate earnings equations, combined with the Oaxaca-Ransom (1994, 1999) decomposition methodology, we test the hypothesis that wage differentials amongst lawyers are mostly due to gender discrimination. The econometric evidence shows that with the addition of the specific effects of time in the model, the unexplained share of the Oaxaca-Ransom (1994, 1999) decomposition (attributed to discrimination) is reduced over time comparatively to the share attributed to individual characteristics (endowments). In this context, our results indicate that there is gender discrimination amongst lawyers in Brazil.

scholarly journals Tarım Sektöründe İşgücü Terminolojisinin Tanımlanması

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Zeki Bayramoğlu ◽  
Merve Bozdemir
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Total Labor

Labor is the efficient part of the population in production. Total labor supply that occurs subject to the developments in the population and labor demand that shapes according to the economic conditions; are two basic elements of market formation. Labor markets can be defined as a social organization where supply and demand are met and wage occurs. Labor market among all market structures are in such position that is significantly affected by other units of the economy and highly affects them due to its functioning and features. Therefore, during the production process and planning, it is necessary to analyze the labor markets in detail. The agricultural labor market within the labor markets which forms the basis of the economy and contributes to other markets from various sources, needs to be analyzed. The agricultural labor should be analyzed and classified because of the following reasons; the agricultural labor has direct contribution in the use of natural resources and capital elements in agricultural sector; the labor is used more intensively in the unit area in agricultural activities compared to other sectors; transfer of labor is realized from the agricultural sector to other sectors; agricultural labor composes the source of the hidden unemployment and structural unemployment. In addition, labor in agricultural sector should be classified in order to determine the types of labor force to be used in data formation for public institutions / organizations and to facilitate access to the correct decision processes in the projects and policies to be created by contributing to obtaining reliable statistical data. In line with those determined objectives, this study was carried out to determine the types of labor force in the agricultural sector, to combine the conceptual definitions made and to provide semantic integrity in the literature.

The Labor Supply of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Borjas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hispanic Immigrants ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Labor Market Characteristic

Several recent studies have begun the systematic analysis of the labor market characteristics of Hispanics in the United States. This research has focused on two related issues: a) how the immigration and assimilation experience affects Hispanic earnings;2 and b) the measurement of wage differentials between Hispanics and non-Hispanics.3 The main findings of this research are that the earnings of (some) Hispanic immigrants rise rapidly after immigration; and that the wage differential between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites is generally due to differences in observable skill characteristics. This article extends previous research by focusing on another labor market characteristic: the labor supply of Hispanic immigrants.4

Getting what (employers think) you’re worth

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Bredtmann ◽  
Sebastian Otten
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Homogeneous Sample ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unique Data

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the gender wage differential of labor market entrants and the determinants of their starting wages. Design/methodology/approach – The paper makes use of a unique data set on graduates in economics from a large German university that contains detailed information on the graduates’ course of study, their additional qualifications and their transition from university to the labor market. Based on these data, Mincer-type earnings functions as well as wage decompositions as proposed by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) are performed. Findings – The paper finds a significant gender wage differential of 7 percent. Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions suggest that the major part of this gap remains unexplained by gender differences in observable characteristics. Research limitations/implications – The main feature of our analysis – having a highly homogeneous sample of graduates from a single university – comes at the costs of reduced ability to draw generalized conclusions from our findings. Originality/value – This paper investigates the determinants of entry wages for a homogeneous group of high-skilled workers using a unique data set of graduates in business and economics from a large German university. Concentrating on a highly homogeneous sample limits the problem of unobserved heterogeneity, which results in an overestimation of the unexplained component of standard decompositions analyses. Hence, the finding that a large part of the gender pay gap remains unexplained can be considered as an indicator for gender discrimination in the labor market for economics graduates.

Glass ceiling and sticky floors: hurdles for Mauritian working women

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur ◽  
Rajeev Pydayya
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wage Disparities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the gender wage differential at different points of the wage distribution. It investigates the existence of glass ceilings and sticky floors in the Mauritian labour market. There is no previous empirical work studying gender inequality in the labour market for the small island economy of Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate whether wage differentials are higher at the top or bottom ends of the wage distribution, the authors examine the wage disparities across different quantiles of the wage distribution. The gender wage disparities are assessed using quantile regression and decomposition techniques at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantiles. Survey data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Survey from 2006 to 2013 is used. Findings – The results reveal that sticky floors are more pronounced than glass ceilings over the years. Further, for the years 2008, 2010 and 2012, it is noted that at the 75th quantiles, the gender wage differentials started to rise showing glass ceiling effects. The combination of both sticky floors and glass ceilings are characterised by the unexplained factors providing evidence for gender discrimination in the Mauritian labour market. Originality/value – This is the first study analysing the glass ceilings or sticky floors in the Mauritian labour market. Though the research is limited to Mauritius, the latter being a small island economy can serve as a case study for other island economies and also for the African continent.

scholarly journals Dinamika Ketenagakerjaan dan Kesempatan Berusaha di Pedesaan

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sudi Mardianto ◽  
Nizwar Syafa'at
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Labor

<p><strong>English</strong><br />The objective of this paper is to depict dynamic of labor opportunity in rural area. This paper describes : (a) structural change of rural labor opportunity, (b) linkages between productivity and rural labor opportunity, and (c) rural labor opportunity perspective. The reviewed materials are mainly from the Patanas research conducted in several years. The result in this paper shows that the agricultural sector have enough capacity to create labor opportunity in rural area if its development is prioritized.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai dinamika ketenagakerjaan dan kesempatan berusaha di  pedesaan, yang  meliputi perubahan struktur kesempatan kerja di pedesaan, keterkaitan antara perkembangan produktivitas dengan kesempatan kerja di pedesaan dan perspektif ketenagakerjaan dan kesempatan berusaha di pedesaan. Bahan utama tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian patanas. Hasil tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sektor pertanian mempunyai kapasitas yang memadai untuk menciptakan kesempatan kerja di pedesaan asalkan pembangunan sektor pertanian mendapatkan prioritas utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi</p>

Does the Russian Government Pay a "Fair" Wage: Review of Studies

2015 ◽  
pp. 62-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Fair Wage

This paper surveys the literature on public-private sector wage differentials for Russian labor market. We give an overview of the main results and problems of the existing research. The authors unanimously confirm that in Russia private sector workers receive higher wages relative to their public sector counterparts. According to different estimates the "premium" varies between 7 and 40%. A correct evaluation of this "premium" is subject to debate and is a particular case of a more general econometric problem of wage differentials estimation. The main difficulties are related to data limitations, self-selection and omitted variables. Reasons for the existence of a stable private sector "premium" in Russia are not fully investigated.

Paradoxes of reservation wage setting in the Russian labor market. Part I

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-27
Author(s):  
R. Kapeliushnikov ◽  
A. Lukyanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Reservation Wage ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Reservation Wages ◽  
Monitoring Survey ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Subjective Estimates ◽  
Objective Indicators

Using panel data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for 2006-2014, the paper investigates reservation wages setting in the Russian labor market. The sample includes non-employed individuals wishing to get a job (both searchers and non-searchers). The first part of the paper provides a survey of previous empirical studies, describes data and analyzes subjective estimates of reservation wages in comparison with various objective indicators of actual wages. The analysis shows that wage aspirations of the majority of Russian non-employed individuals are overstated. However their wage expectations are rather flexible and decrease rapidly as the search continues that prevents high long-term unemployment. The second part of the paper provides an econometric analysis of main determinants of reservation wage and its impact on probability of re-employment and wages on searchers’ new jobs.

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