scholarly journals Effect of nitrON® cetane-detergent additive to B7 fuel on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a 6Dg locomotive with a Caterpillar C27 engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Cisek ◽  
Andrzej Borowski ◽  
Joanna Całkowska ◽  
Łukasz Wichary
Keyword(s):  
Cetane Number ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Reduction Of Nox ◽  
Very High ◽  
Test Fuel

In order to avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the fuel, the nitrON® package was used, containing 3 different additives: stabilizing, washing and increasing the cetane number of the fuel. The tests were carried out with the use of the Caterpillar C27 engine of the 6Dg locomotive connected to a water resistor. The hourly engine fuel consumption (FC), NOx concentration and exhaust opacity were measured for 3 points of the F test, in accordance with UIC 624. The concentration of the nitrON® additive in the test fuel was 1500 ppm (v / v). For idling, the reduction in FC value was only 1.5% (in relation to the base fuel), but for a very high engine load and nominal rotational speed, the percentage reduction in FC was as high as 5%. The reduction of NOx concentration for idling (as a result of using nitrON®) was approx. 10%, while for high engine load, the percentage reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gas exceeded 15%.

scholarly journals The influence of cetane-detergent additives into diesel fuel increased to 10% (V/V) of RME content on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a diesel engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Winicjusz STANIK ◽  
Jerzy CISEK
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reduction Of Nox

To avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the diesel fuel (to 10%), three different additive packages were used: stabilising, cleaning, and increasing the cetane number with different concentrations. The tests were carried out using a 4-cylinder, turbocharged 1.9 TDI engine from VW. The tests were carried out for 4 fuels (comparative fuel with a content of 7% RME and 3 test fuels with a content of 10% RME, differing in the content of the additive package.It was found that each of the 3 additive packages used does not have a significant impact on fuel consumption. However, a different effect of the tested additives on the composition of exhaust gases was observed. The first package had a slight effect on reducing the NOx concentration in the exhaust, but only for small engine loads. On the other hand, the second additive pack worked more effectively only at higher engine loads (in relation to the reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gases). In the third packet, the amount of the cetane additive was doubled (compared to the second packet). Then, the reduction in the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas by 3–8% was obtained with reference to the comparative fuel.

A New Calculation Approach to the Energy Balance of a Gas Turbine Including a Study of the Impact of the Uncertainty of Measured Parameters

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmer G. Andersen ◽  
Pen-Chung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Intake Flow ◽  
The Impact

Computing the solution to the energy balance around a gas turbine in order to calculate the intake mass flow and the turbine inlet temperature requires several iterations. This makes hand calculations very difficult and, depending on the software used, even causes significant calculation times on PCs. While this may not seem all that important considering the power of today’s personal computers, the approach described in this paper presents a new way of looking at the gas turbine process and the resulting simplifications in the calculations. This paper offers a new approach to compute the energy balance around a gas turbine. The energy balance requires that all energy flows going into and out of the control volume be accounted for. The difficulty of the energy balance equation around a gas turbine lies in the fact that the exhaust gas composition is unknown as long as the intake flow is unknown. Thus, a composition needs to be assumed when computing the exhaust gas enthalpy. This allows the calculation of the intake flow, which in turn provides a new exhaust gas composition, and so forth. By viewing the exhaust gas as a flow consisting of ambient air and combusted fuel, the described iteration can be avoided. The study presents the formulation of the energy balance applying this approach and looks at the accuracy of the result as a function of the inaccuracy of the input parameters. Furthermore, solutions of the energy balance are presented for various process scenarios, and the impact of the uncertainty of key process parameter is analyzed.

scholarly journals Microclimate Evaluation of the Hradec Králové City using HUMIDEX

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Rožnovský ◽  
Tomáš Litschmann ◽  
Hana Středová ◽  
Tomáš Středa ◽  
Petr Salaš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The City ◽  
Very High

Abstract Urban environment differs from the surrounding landscape in terms of the values of meteorological parameters. This is often referred to as the urban heat island (UHI), which in simple terms means higher air temperatures in cities. The cause of these changes lies in the different active surfaces in cities, which subsequently results in a different radiation balance. The higher temperatures, however, also affect the living conditions in the city and during very high temperature periods can have negative effects on the health of the city inhabitants. The results presented in this paper are based on measurements taken over several years at locations near Hradec Králové, which is surrounded by different surface areas. Environment analysis was performed using the Humidex index. The obtained results show that replacing green areas with built-up areas affects temperatures in the city, when air temperatures are very high they significantly increase the discomfort of the inhabitants. Differences in the frequency of discomfort levels are observed especially during periods of high temperatures, at lower temperatures these differences are not significant. Higher frequencies of discomfort are observed at locations with artificial surfaces (asphalt, cobblestones, concrete) and in closed spaces. In contrast, locations with lots of green areas almost always have the value of this index lower or more balanced. The results should therefore be a valid argument for maintaining and extending green areas in cities.

A System of Selective Non Catalytic Reduction of NOx for Diesel Engine

2011 ◽  
Vol 201-203 ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yan Xu ◽  
Hai Ying Tian ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
De Zhi Sun ◽  
Shao Li Cai
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Reduction Efficiency ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Reduction Of Nox ◽  
Good Agreement

SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction) system is proposed, with 40% methylamine aqueous solution as reducing agent to reduce NOx in diesel exhaust gas. The effect of injection position and volume on the reduction efficiency through the test bench is systematically researched. A three-dimensional model of a full-sized diesel SNCR system generated by CFD software FIRE is used to investigate the reduction efficiency under different temperatures. The simulated results have a good agreement with the test results, and it can be used to optimize SNCR system. The results can indicate the practical application of this technology.

The Potential of a Separated Electric Compound Spark Ignition Engine for Hybrid Vehicle Application

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Pipitone ◽  
Salvatore Caltabellotta
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Generator Unit ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Abstract In-cylinder expansion of internal combustion engines based on Diesel or Otto cycles cannot be completely brought down to ambient pressure, causing a 20% theoretical energy loss. Several systems have been implemented to recover and use this energy such as turbocharging, turbo-mechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, or the implementation of Miller Cycles. In all these cases however, the amount of energy recovered is limited allowing the engine to reach an overall efficiency incremental improvement between 4% and 9%. Implementing an adequately designed expander-generator unit could efficiently recover the unexpanded exhaust gas energy and improve efficiency. In this work, the application of the expander-generator unit to a hybrid propulsion vehicle is considered, where the onboard energy storage receives power produced by an expander-generator, which could hence be employed for vehicle propulsion through an electric drivetrain. Starting from these considerations, a simple but effective modelling approach is used to evaluate the energetic potential of a spark-ignition engine electrically supercharged and equipped with an exhaust gas expander connected to an electric generator. The overall efficiency was compared to a reference turbocharged engine within a hybrid vehicle architecture. It was found that, if adequately recovered, the unexpanded gas energy could reduce engine fuel consumption and related pollutant emissions by 4% to 12%, depending on overall power output.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF THE USE OF D-LIMONENE AS AN ADDITIVE TO DIESEL-BIODIESEL BLENDS ON EXHAUST GASES COMPOSITION OF COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
L. F. Micheli ◽  
D. L. Módolo ◽  
L. E. R. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Fuel Injectors ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

The transesterification of vegetable oils results in methyl esters of fatty acid, known as biodiesel. This one presents similar features of diesel oil, such as cetane number, specific weight, heat of combustion and air-fuel ratio. However, arising problems from its higher viscosity leads to a poor spraying by the fuel injectors and so to a low-grade combustion, causing formation of undesirable deposits inside the engine, changes in the properties of the lubricating oil and in the composition of the exhaust gas. Owing to this issue, it is necessary to study an additive able to make biodiesel characteristics more appropriate to be used in compression ignition engines, as well as a monitoring of changes in exhaust gas composition. The chosen additive was d-limonene, a monocyclic terpene obtained as a byproduct of citriculture. This paper presents the preliminary results obtained from the tests in a stationary diesel engine fuelled with mixtures of diesel-biodiesel and d-limonene, in different concentrations, comparing to regular diesel fuel. Although it was used in low concentrations, the additive was efficient in the reduction of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and opacity.

scholarly journals Projected increases in intensity, frequency, and terrestrial carbon costs of compound drought and aridity events

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. eaau5740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Zhou ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
A. Park Williams ◽  
Pierre Gentine
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Compound Events ◽  
High Vapor ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Earth System Models ◽  
Very High

Drought and atmospheric aridity pose large risks to ecosystem services and agricultural production. However, these factors are seldom assessed together as compound events, although they often occur simultaneously. Drought stress on terrestrial carbon uptake is characterized by soil moisture (SM) deficit and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We used in situ observations and 15 Earth system models to show that compound events with very high VPD and low SM occur more frequently than expected if these events were independent. These compound events are projected to become more frequent and more extreme and exert increasingly negative effects on continental productivity. Models project intensified negative effects of high VPD and low SM on vegetation productivity, with the intensification of SM exceeding those of VPD in the Northern Hemisphere. These results highlight the importance of compound extreme events and their threats for the capability of continents to act as a carbon sink.

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