scholarly journals A Rákóczifalva-Kastélydombon feltárt bronzkori embertani leletek vizsgálatának eredményei

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Tamás Hajdu
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Porotic Hyperostosis ◽  
Degenerative Alterations

In 1962, a bi-ritual Bronze Age cemetery (cremation and inhumation burials) were excavated by Zsolt Csalog at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, Hungary). The Early Bronze Age skeletons and cremains belonged to the Nagyrév culture. The Late Bronze Age individuals were the bearers of the so-called Rákóczifalva cultural group of the Tumulus culture. The study provides the results of the biological anthropological analysis of human remains buried at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb Bronze Age cemetery. Both the inhumated and the cremated remains were very poorly preserved and fragmented. The low number of the investigable skeletons that belonged to the Nagyrév culture did not allow us to make any conclusions about the Early Bronze Age populations lived at Rákóczifalva. However, the publication of the basic anthropological results is relevant because these metric data are the first published data of the populations of the Nagyrév culture. The age distribution of the Late Bronze Age community shows a high percentage of sub-adults in the cemetery, similar to Jánoshida-Berek Tumulus culture community. In Rákóczifalva material the sex distribution was balanced. The pathological alterations that are usually frequent in almost every prehistoric material were observable in this series too (e.g. degenerative alterations of the spine and joints, porotic hyperostosis and entheseal changes). Keywords: Bronze Age; Nagyrév culture; Tumulus culture; Biological anthropology; Bioarchaeology.

scholarly journals Alalakh: an account of the excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937–1949

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Gold Silver

This monograph describes large-scale excavations undertaken by Sir Leonard Woolley from 1937 to 1939, and again from 1946 to 1949, at the site of Alalakh (modern Tell Atchana) – a late Bronze Age city in the Amuq River valley of Turkey's Hatay Province. Described is the evidence of a series of superimposed palaces and temples, town defences, private houses and graves, in 17 archaeological levels reaching from late Early Bronze Age (Level XVII, c. 2200–2000 BC to Late Bronze Age (Level 0, 13th century BC). Supplementary reports describe the architecture and frescoes, sculptures, and portable objects in fired clay, gold, silver, ivory, stone, and glass.

scholarly journals The Social Role of Non-metal ‘Valuables’ in Late Bronze Age Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Brück ◽  
Alex Davies
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Prestige Goods ◽  
The Social

Bronze Age metal objects are widely viewed as markers of wealth and status. Items of other materials, such as jet, amber and glass, tend either to be framed in similar terms as ‘prestige goods’, or to be viewed as decorative trifles of limited research value. In this paper, we argue that such simplistic models dramatically underplay the social role and ‘agentive’ capacities of objects. The occurrence of non-metal ‘valuables’ in British Early Bronze Age graves is well-documented, but their use during the later part of the period remains poorly understood. We will examine the deposition of objects of amber, jet and jet-like materials in Late Bronze Age Britain, addressing in particular their contexts and associations as well as patterns of breakage to consider the cultural meanings and values ascribed to such items and to explore how human and object biographies were intertwined. These materials are rarely found in burials during this period but occur instead on settlements, in hoards and caves. In many cases, these finds appear to have been deliberately deposited in the context of ritual acts relating to rites of passage. In this way, the role of such objects as social agents will be explored, illuminating their changing significance in the creation of social identities and systems of value.

scholarly journals Prehistoric copper from the Eastern Alps

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Lutz ◽  
Ernst Pernicka
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Metal Artefacts

The rich copper ore deposits in the Eastern Alps have long been considered as important sources for copper in prehistoric Central Europe. It is, however, not so clear which role each deposit played. To evaluate the amount of prehistoric copper production of the various mining regions it was attempted to link prehistoric metal artefacts with copper ores based on the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits that have been exploited in ancient times. More than 120 ore samples from the well known mining districts Mitterberg, Viehhofen, Kitzbühel and Schwaz/Brixlegg have been analysed so far (lead isotope ratios, trace elements). Furthermore, about 730 archaeological copper/bronze artifacts were investigated and analysed. These results were combined with analytical data generated by previous archaeometallurgical projects in order to compile a substantial database for comparative studies. In the Early Bronze Age, most metal artifacts were made of copper or bronze with fahlore impurity patterns and most finds from this period match excellently the fahlore deposits in Schwaz and Brixlegg. At the end of the Early Bronze Age, a new variety of copper with lower concentrations of impurities appeared. The impurity patterns of these finds match the ores from the Mitterberg district. In the Middle Bronze Age, this variety of copper Dominated while in the Late Bronze Age fahlores from Schwaz and Brixlegg experienced a comeback. The reason for this may be a decline of the chalcopyrite mines or a rising demand for copper which could not be covered by the chalcopyrite mines alone. The finds of the Early Iron Age are of similar composition and continue the traditions of the Late Bronze Age.

Wessex without Mycenae

1968 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Renfrew
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
European Development ◽  
The Absolute

The absolute chronology for the Early Bronze Age of Central and Northern Europe, including that for the Wessex culture of southern Britain, is not yet reliably established. This point was emphasized by V. Gordon Childe in his Retrospect, and the following words were indeed the very last which he wrote. Speaking of ‘the urgency of establishing a reliable chronology’, he stated: ‘a great deal of the argument depends on a precise date for the beginning of Unétice, that is at best very slightly the most probable out of perfectly possible guesses ranging over five centuries’.At that time the basis for the absolute chronology of the Early Bronze Age was, as it largely remains today, a framework of synchronous links built up across Europe to the Mycenaean world of the Aegean Late Bronze Age. The assumption was made—and Childe stressed that it was an assumption—that European development and chronology were to be viewed in terms of ‘the irradation of European barbarism by Oriental civilisation’. Possible links for the European Early Bronze Age with Mycenae and indeed the Near East were eagerly sought in an attempt to build up a coherent chronology founded on this assumption.

scholarly journals Late Neolithic and Late Bronze Age lithic assemblages associated with a cairn and other prehistoric features at Stoneyhill Farm, Longhaven, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, 2002-03

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Ballin ◽  
Ian Suddaby ◽  
M Cressey ◽  
M Hastie ◽  
A Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Lithic Technology ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Lithic Assemblages

Prehistoric remains were recorded by CFA Archaeology Ltd (CFA) in 2002-03 during a programme of fieldwork at the landfill site within the boundaries of Stoneyhill Farm, which lies 7km to the southwest of Peterhead in Aberdeenshire. These included a clearance cairn with a Late Bronze Age lithic assemblage and a burial cairn, with Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age lithics and Beaker ceramics. Other lithic scatters of similar date had no certain associations, although pits containing near-contemporary Impressed Wares were nearby. Additional lithic assemblages included material dated to the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic. What may be proto-Unstan Wares in an isolated pit were associated with radiocarbon dates (barley) of the first half of the fourth millennium bc. These findings represent a substantial addition to the local area's archaeological record and form an important contribution to the understanding of lithic technology and ceramics in earlier prehistoric Scotland.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Ian Shepherd, whose site visits enlightened this and other projects undertaken by one of the authors (IS).

scholarly journals Foundry in the Late Bronze Age Baiões/Santa Luzia Cultural Group: some reflections starting from a new metallic mould for unifacial palstaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
João Carlos Senna-Martinez ◽  
Pedro Valério ◽  
Maria Helena Casimiro ◽  
Luís M. Ferreira ◽  
Maria de Fátima Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Central Portugal

During the last quarter of a century, progress on the understanding of metallurgical practices of the Baiões / Santa Luzia cultural group of Central Portugal produced results that allowed us to better understand and characterize a fundamental cultural group of the Iberian Late Bronze Age (LBA). However, the study of the foundry moulds lacks a convenient interpretive synthesis.  The discovery of a new exemplar of metallic mould for single-faceted palstaves – one of the types that characterize Central Portugal LBA metallurgy – creates the opportunity to, starting with its archaeometallurgical characterization, produce an overview of Baiões / Santa Luzia moulds and foundry procedures, namely for the palstaves moulds that, until now, are mostly known in the area of this cultural group. 

Pathways for the Dead in the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Ireland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Cooney
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Mortuary Practice ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Population Treatment ◽  
Over Time

Because of its diversity and visibility the mortuary record of the Early Bronze Age (2400–1500 cal. BC) has long dominated interpretation of that period in Ireland (e.g. Cooney and Grogan 1994; Waddell 1998; Brindley 2007) and burials from Bronze Age cemeteries represent over 70 per cent of the burial record from Irish prehistory (Murphy et al. 2010). The explosion of development-funded excavation in the period from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s provided a settlement balance to that picture and also evidence for additional cemeteries (e.g. Grogan et al. 2007; McQuade et al. 2009). This suggests that Early Bronze Age cemeteries served as local foci for communities. From the evidence of the numbers interred over a number of generations the dead buried in the cemeteries represent what Mary Helms (1998) has usefully called the ‘distinguished dead’ from communities, not the entire population. Treatment of the dead within the cemeteries is complex and there are clear indications of change over time. Interpretative models had associated inhumation with males and a broader shift over time from inhumation to cremation relying on a view of cremation and inhumation as opposed, separate mortuary rites (e.g. Mount 1997). However, the evidence indicates a much more complex set of pathways in the postmortem treatment of the dead in which cremation and inhumation were employed as complementary mortuary rites with an increasing focus on cremation over time (e.g. Cahill and Sikora 2011). This new picture has important implications for the increasing significance of the the pyre and the transformation of the dead (Mizoguchi 1993: 232). In looking at the period after 1500 cal. BC we see continuity in aspects of mortuary practice and use of sites, but in other ways mortuary practice changed dramatically. Cremation is now the dominant mortuary rite. Burial in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (down to 600 cal. BC) has been widely discussed as less visible, and hence much less important as an aspect of social behaviour (e.g. Cooney and Grogan 1994: 144). But it is more useful to think in terms of shifting emphases in mortuary practice. In a recent discussion Lynch and O’Donnell (2007: 107) have described this period as being characterized by ‘an incredibly intricate and variable physical treatment of the dead’.

Second Thoughts on ‘Mycenaean’ Pottery in Ithaca

1949 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Benton
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Determining Factor

When I wrote my report on the excavation of Polis, Ithaca, the leader of the expedition had suggested that in Ithaca, Early Bronze Age pottery had persisted till the closing phases of the Late Bronze Age, which meant that Ithaca was a backward little place well away from the broad stream of contemporary culture. I thought it possible that there was another lag after the Late Bronze Age, and I called certain vases ‘Mycenaean,’ taking fabric to be the determining factor. My paper was written in 1932, but not published till 1942, and long before then I was sure that we were both wrong. Mr. Heurtley wished to account for the presence of fifty Mycenaean sherds in an Early Bronze Age Settlement at Pilikata. It is true that no Middle Bronze Age settlement has yet been found in Ithaca. That may be our bad fortune, or the island may have been uninhabited in the centuries before 1500 B.C., as it was in the sixteenth century A.D. It seems simpler to admit disturbance by any later diggers of foundations or seekers of wells, than to postulate an iron curtain between Ithaca and both its nearest neighbours, Kephallenia and Leukas, in the Middle Bronze Age. After all, Early, Middle, and Late Bronze Age sherds were found together in Area VI at Pilikata, and no house plans have resulted; some disturbance seems inevitable.

Excavations at Thermi

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 148-165
Author(s):  
W. Lamb ◽  
J. K. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Large Area ◽  
General Outline ◽  
New Developments

Since the first account of Thermi was written for Vol. XXX, a large area has been excavated, completing, more or less, the Early Bronze Age settlement, and defining, as far as is possible, a settlement belonging to the Late Bronze Age.As space is not unlimited, I have here omitted questions dealt with in Vol. XXX, and, when discussing new aspects of the site, have published less detailed evidence than I could wish. In short, this report must be supplemented, not only by the earlier one, but by a separate and complete publication. In the meantime, I have done my best to give a general outline of the new developments.The staff consisted of Miss Six, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Brock, Miss Mitchell (who was responsible for the maps during one season), myself and, for a shorter period, Mr. Cuttle of Downing College and Miss Horner of Newnham College.

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Aeneolithic, and Bronze Age Sites in the Trans-Urals (Russia): A General Framework

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M Chairkina ◽  
Yaroslav V Kuzmin ◽  
Gregory W L Hodgins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology

AbstractThe chronology of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Aeneolithic, and Bronze Age sites in the Trans-Urals (Russia) was studied, and a framework for previously established cultural complexes is suggested based on 153 radiocarbon dates. In this new chronological model, the Mesolithic is dated to ~10,000–6500 cal BC; the Neolithic complexes exist at ~6500–3800 cal BC; the Aeneolithic is dated to ~4300–2800 cal BC; the Early Bronze Age spans ~2500–2100 cal BC; and the Late Bronze Age can be preliminary assigned to ~1600–1100 cal BC.

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