The refugees of the First World War in the Caucasus (based on the Baku periodicals)

Author(s):  
L. O. Hajiyeva
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (08) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Джамиля Яшар гызы Рустамова ◽  

The article is dedicated to the matter of Turkish prisoners on the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea during the First World War. According to approximate computations, there were about 50-60 thousand people of Turkish captives in Russia. Some of them were sent to Baku because of the close location to the Caucasus Front and from there they were sent to the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea. As time showed it was not the right choise. The Island had no decent conditions for living and turned the life of prisoners into the hell camp. Hastily built barracks contravene meet elementary standards, were poorly heated and by the end of the war they were not heated at all, water supply was unsatisfactory, sometimes water was not brought to the prisoner's several days. Bread was given in 100 grams per person per day, and then this rate redused by half. Knowing the plight of the prisoners, many citizens of Baku as well as the Baku Muslim Charitable Society and other charitable societies provided moral and material support to prisoners, they often went to the camp, brought food, clothes, medicines Key words: World War I, prisoners of war, Nargin Island, refugees, incarceration conditions, starvation, charity


2021 ◽  
pp. 257-273
Author(s):  
Aldo Ferrari

Luigi Villari’s book Fire and Sword in the Caucasus, published in London in 1906, is widely quoted by scholars working on the history of Transcaucasia, in particular in respect to the Armenian-Tatar war. Yet neither this text nor its author have been so far studied in detail. The Italian Luigi Villari (1876-1959) is a figure of considerable interest; he was a diplomat, traveler, and journalist. His father, Pasquale Villari (1827-1917), was an accomplished historian and politician who played an important role in nineteenth-century Italy; Villari’s mother was the British writer Linda White (1836-1915). It is remarkable that the author wrote a book an English at a time when this was not a popular language in Italy. He wrote extensively both in English and Italian about different topics, mainly related to history and international politics. It has been shown that, after the First World War, Villari joined Fascism and contributed actively to the regime’s propaganda in Great Britain. The present paper examines Luigi Villari’s book on the Caucasus, especially the author’s attitude towards the Armenians. I shall demonstrate that in his work, he handles negative stereotypes of the Armenians (“one of the most unpopular races of the East”), which were common in the Russian empire at the beginning of the twentieth century, in a rather interesting way.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 243-278
Author(s):  
Marzena Woźny

Leon Kozłowski (1892-1944), the outstanding prehistorian, soldier, and politician, was connected with Kraków from the beginning of his studies until he obtained his postdoctoral degree. He studied natural sciences and then archaeology at the Jagiellonian University while being also an unofficial assistant at the Archaeological Museum of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Kraków. The Academy appointed him to explore Lusatian cemeteries near Tarnobrzeg, to excavate a Palaeolithic site in Jaksice (former Miechów district), megalithic graves in Kuyavia, and the Mammoth Cave in the Polish Jura. He collected materials for the Academy during a scientific expedition to the Crimea and the Caucasus organized by Robert Rudolf Schmidt (1882-1950) from the University of Tübingen. During the First World War, Kozłowski joined the Polish Legions and was thus involved in the struggle for Polish independence. He moved to Warsaw to write his doctoral thesis based on the collection of the Erazm Majewski Museum and then defended it in Tübingen. After he gained his postdoctoral degree in Kraków, he took the chair of prehistory in Lwów/Lviv and his contacts with the Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Kraków came to a close. It was only in 1935 that he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Robert W. Schaefer

At the outbreak of the First World War, Sultan Mehmet V of the Ottoman Empire issued two fatwas at Germany’s behest, calling for all Muslims to unite in global jihad against their Christian oppressors. Yet despite Russia’s designation as an “arch-enemy” after a series of wars spanning centuries, the Ottoman Sultan excused the Chechens, Dagestanis, and Circassians from conducting jihad against Russia. This was an extraordinary omission, especially given Ottoman concerns about a “Russian fifth column” (the Ottoman Armenians), and the general effectiveness of religion as a unifying and mobilizing mechanism in this era. Why did the Ottomans not attempt to foment the very same kind of unrest in Russia that they feared from Armenians in Anatolia? This article addresses the historical mystery of the “missing Ottoman fatwa” against the Russians, through exploration of the preceding 50 years of conflict in the Caucasus and the over-arching context of Russo-Ottoman military rivalry and war. The article argues that the devastation of the Russian deportations and resettlement of North Caucasus populations prior to the 1877-78 Russo-Ottoman War led the Sultan to believe that the Caucasus Muslims were too weak to be used as an effective fighting force. This resulted in their excusal from armed jihad, while the perceived effectiveness of such programs simultaneously influenced the Ottoman adoption of similar programs contributing ultimately to the Armenian Genocide.


2021 ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-Seal

This sub-chapter provides an overview of the first two years of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean. It summarises the factors that led to the breakdown of British relations with Istanbul and the Ottoman decision to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers. It shows how the Mediterranean became a key transit route for Allied colonial troops on the outbreak of the war, and provides a brief account of the failed Ottoman attempt to interrupt Allied lines of communication and raise rebellion in Egypt by attacking the Suez Canal. It also gives an overview of the development of other main fronts in the region: the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Gallipoli.


Author(s):  
И.Т. Марзоев ◽  
Г.В. Чочиев

Важной особенностью мемуаров является повествование о событиях, в которых автор принимал непосредственное участие. Предлагаемая работа посвящена исследованию воспоминаний кавказского эмигранта МуссаБия Джанхотовича Туганова, прожившего сложную жизнь, полную трагедий и лишений. Родившись в семье осетинского аристократа, офицера русской императорской армии, МуссаБий провел детство в родной Осетии, несколько лет в качестве хъана (воспитанника) находился в семье аталыков (воспитателей), затем, получив начальное домашнее образование, окончил мужскую классическую гимназию во Владикавказе. Как и его отец, начал свою служебную карьеру в российской армии. Участвовал в Первой мировой войне и гражданской войне в России в составе деникинской Добровольческой армии. Не успев эмигрировать, был арестован органами советской власти, чудом избежав расстрела, отправлен в трудовой лагерь под Псковом. Сумев сбежать из лагеря, через Латвию попал в Германию, позже перебрался в Швецию, где умер в 1950 г. и похоронен в пригороде Стокгольма. Мемуары М.Дж. Туганова охватывают всю жизнь автора, в них отражены различные ее периоды. Имеет место некоторая субъективность, которая объясняется преломлением описываемых автором событий через призму его восприятия. Ценность предлагаемых читателю воспоминаний Туганова заключается в детальном описании осетинских национальных традиций и обычаев, сопровождаемом произведениями народного фольклора. Автор повествует о трагических событиях в России и на Кавказе начала ХХ в. Данное произведение, переведенное на русский язык и впервые вводимое в научный оборот, является ценным историческим источником для исследователей дореволюционной Осетии и России. An important feature of memoirs is the narrative of the events in which the author was directly involved. The present work deals with the memories of the Caucasian immigrant MoussaBiyDzhanhotovichTuganov who lived a hard life full of tragedies and hardships. Born to the family of an Ossetian aristocrat, an officer of the Russian Imperial army, MoussaBiy spent his childhood in his native Ossetia. For several years he as a qan (pupil) stayed in the family of atalyks (educators). Subsequently, after receiving primary home education, he graduated from the mens classical school in Vladikavkaz. Like his father, he began his career in the Russian army, later participated in the First World War and the civil war in Russia as part of the Denikin Volunteer Army. Later, failing to emigrate, he was arrested by the Soviet authorities and having miraculously avoided execution was exiled to a labor camp near Pskov. Having managed to escape from the camp, he got through Latvia to Germany and later moved to Sweden, where he died in 1950 and was buried in the suburbs of Stockholm. M. Tuganovs memoirs cover the whole life of the author reflecting its different periods. There exists inevitable subjectivity, which can be explained by the refraction of the events described by the author through the prism of his perception. The significance of the memoirs of Tuganov proposed to the readers attention lies in the detailed description of Ossetian national traditions and customs, which are illustrated by the works of folklore. The author tells about the tragic events in the early20thcentury Russia and the Caucasus. This work, now translated into Russian and for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, is a valuable historical source for the researchers of prerevolutionary Ossetia and Russia.


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