scholarly journals Ultrafiltration concentration of whey in a pilot plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
D. A. Rodionov ◽  
S. I. Lazarev ◽  
K. K. Polyansky ◽  
E. V. Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
General View ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Retention Coefficient ◽  
Tubular Type ◽  
Specific Output ◽  
Output Stream ◽  
Mathematical Expressions

Experimental data on the retention coefficient and the output specific flow are obtained. The test solutions were goat and cow's milk whey after obtaining cheese. The description, general view and technological scheme of a pilot installation of a tubular type are given. The studies were carried out on semipermeable tubular type ultrafiltration membranes manufactured by AO "ZAVKOM". Based on the studies, graphical dependences of the retention coefficient on the specific output stream were constructed and analyzed. During the analysis, it was noted that with an increase in the output specific flow of the solvent, the retention coefficient decreases. The reason for this is the boundary layers of fat and protein formed in the near-membrane layers, which prevents the passage of protein molecules through the pores of the membrane. Also during the experiment, it was noted that goat milk serum has a more oily structure and requires prior separation. For the theoretical calculation of the retention coefficient and specific output stream, mathematical expressions are developed and numerical values of the values of empirical coefficients are obtained. The developed mathematical expressions describe the experimental data with good confidence. The obtained experimental and calculated data can be used with great reliability in the calculations of mass-transported flows of substances through semipermeable membranes, as well as in engineering methods for calculating and predicting the effectiveness of the use of membrane processes for the concentration of whey.

scholarly journals Analysis of experimental data on the kinetic characteristics of milk whey purification using ultrafiltration elements of BTU 05/2 type

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
D. A. Rodionov ◽  
S. I. Lazarev ◽  
K. K. Polyansky ◽  
E. V. Eckert ◽  
D. L. Polushkin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Diffusion Permeability ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Retention Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Distribution

The paper presents the results of experimental data on the kinetic characteristics of ultrafiltration tubular elements, such as the output specific flow, retention coefficient, diffusion permeability coefficient, distribution coefficient. To study the purification of milk whey, we used tubular ultrafilters BTU 05/2 with membrane material fluoroplast (F), polyethersulfone (PESF), polysulfone (PS). For theoretical calculation of the retention coefficient, output specific flux, diffusion permeability coefficient, distribution coefficient, mathematical expressions were developed and empirical coefficients were obtained. The developed mathematical expression describes the experimental data with good reliability. The obtained experimental and calculated data can be used with high reliability in calculating mass-transfer fluxes of substances through a semi-permeable membrane, as well as in engineering methods for calculating and predicting efficiency, and using membrane processes for concentrating serum. The protein concentration in real milk whey was determined by formol titration. On the basis of the studies carried out, the dependence of the growth of the output specific flow on pressure was established, that the optimal pressure for concentrating milk whey on the ultrafiltration membranes we have chosen is 0.25 MPa. For three types of ultrafilters, the experimental value of the coefficient was within 99% for protein. For the theoretical calculation of the retention coefficient, a program in the MAXIMA language was developed and registered. Due to the method of applying the membrane to the reinforcing element, the membrane material polyethersulfone (PESF) and polysulfone (PS) have a substrate, due to which they sorb more substances on themselves, because of this, the diffusion permeability coefficient and the distribution coefficient are much higher than that of a filter element with membrane made of fluoroplastic (F), which does not have a substrate.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROUGHNESS FORECASTING MODEL OF COATING OF NON-RIGID ROAD PAVEMENT COATING

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
A. Batrakova ◽  
H. Sarkisian ◽  
E. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Over Time

To ensure safe, comfortable driving at high speeds, a strong, even surface is required for the entire life of the pavement. In this regard, the issue of predicting changes in the equality of coverage over time is very important. The article considers the peculiarities of changing the longitudinal equality of the road surface. Purpose is to improve the model of forecasting the equality of non-rigid pavement. Methods – analytical and experimental. The analysis of existing decisions on the issue of forecasting the equality of coverage is performed. The most important factors influencing the change in the equality of road coverage have been identified. Based on the analysis of theoretical models and a number of experimental data, an improved model for predicting the equality of coverage of non-rigid pavement is proposed. MathCAD and MS Excel were involved in the development of an improved model that takes into account the most important factors. The model of change of coverage roughness, where increase in the roughness index over time is considered as a function of such parameters, is improved: the modulus of pavement elasticity (actual or required); the number of load cycles for t years of pavement operation; the share of trucks in the traffic flow; the factor of safety margin of the pavement structure. The adequacy of the developed model of changing the roughness of coverage is confirmed by statistical processing of experimental data obtained by the thesis author and other researchers on public roads with different service life, and calculated data under the theoretical model. The Pearson correlation coefficient between experimental and calculated data is more than 0.95, which indicates the adequacy of the developed model. Compared to the well-known models of forecasting coverage roughness, the improved model allows to apply a wider range of values of the general equivalent modulus of elasticity of pavement design (from 100 MPa to 600 MPa) and to receive forecast values of roughness for service life of non-rigid pavement over 5 years.

EVALUATION OF THE STRESSED DEFORMED STATE OF MAIN GAS PIPELINES RUNNING IN PERMANENTLY FROZEN GROUNDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
M. M. Sidorov ◽  
N. I. Golikov ◽  
R. P. Tihonov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Loss Of Stability ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Deformed State ◽  
Pipeline Monitoring

The work evaluates the stress deformed state of the section of the interfield gas collecting main, running in permanently frozen grounds. The object of research is a section of a pipeline with an arched discharge formed as a result of loss of stability as a result of thermal erosion of permanently frozen grounds to disturbance of the vegetation cover. The determination of stresses was carried out by the X-ray method using portable equipment. The experimental data were analyzed with the calculated. The calculated data were obtained by measuring the spatial position of the gas pipeline section. The obtained values of the acting stresses and the estimates of the critical indicators of the gas pipeline monitoring section made it possible to reasonably estimate the stress state. The methodology for determining the acting stresses of pipelines using portable X-ray equipment can be successfully applied to estimate the stressed-deformed state of pipeline systems running in the zone of permafrost.

Hyperconjugation In Trialkylboranes Shown By Indirect Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling Constants. Experimental Data And Density Functional Theory (Dft) Calculations

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Wrackmeyer ◽  
Oleg L. Tok
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Dft Calculations ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Spin Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling ◽  
C Nmr

Trimethylborane (1), triethylborane (2), 1,3-dimethyl-1-boracyclopentane (3), 1-methyl-1- boracyclohexane (4), 9-methyl- and 9-ethyl-9-borabicyclo[3.1.1]nonane [5(Me) and 5(Et)], and 1- boraadamantane (6) were studied by 11B and 13C NMR spectroscopy with respect to coupling constants 1J(13C,11B) and 1J(13C,13C). Results of DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+g(d,p) level of theory show satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Hyperconjugation arising from C-C σ bonds adjacent to the tricoordinate boron atom is indicated, in particular for 1-boraadamantane (6), by the optimised calculated structures, and by the experimental and calculated data 1J(13C,13C). The calculated magnitude of 1J(13C,1H) for carbon atoms adjacent to boron becomes significantly smaller if the optimised structures suggest hyperconjugative effects arising from these C-H bonds

Strength and Deformation of Combined Beams with Side Reinforced Plates

2019 ◽  
Vol 968 ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Talyat Azizov ◽  
Oleksii Melnik ◽  
Oleksandr Myza
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Concrete Plate ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Strength And Deformation ◽  
Concrete Plates ◽  
Good Agreement

The results of experimental studies of combined beams consisting of a stone part, reinforced with side reinforced concrete plates are given. Experimentally shown the viability of the proposed structures. The conditions for ensuring the combined action of a stone beam and a reinforced concrete plate are given. Cases are shown when one-sided plates can be used and when double-sided reinforced concrete plates can be used. A comparison of experimental data with the data calculated by the authors developed methods is given. A good agreement between theoretical and calculated data is shown.

scholarly journals Dynamic Takagi-Sugeno Model for the Control of Ultrasonic Motor

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shi Jingzhuo ◽  
Lv Lin ◽  
Zhang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fuzzy Reasoning ◽  
Ultrasonic Motor ◽  
Driving Voltage ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Position Controller ◽  
Sugeno Model ◽  
Takagi Sugeno

Model of ultrasonic motor is the foundation of the design of ultrasonic motor's speed and position controller. A two-input and one-output dynamic Takagi-Sugeno model of ultrasonic motor driving system is worked out using fuzzy reasoning modeling method in this paper. Many fuzzy reasoning modeling methods are sensitive to the initial values and easy to fall into local minimum, and have a large amount of calculation. In order to overcome these defects, equalized universe method is used in this paper to get clusters centers and obtain fuzzy clustering membership functions, and then, the unknown parameters of the conclusions of fuzzy rules are identified using least-square method. Different experimental data that are tested with different operational conditions are used to examine the validity of the fuzzy model. Comparison between experimental data and calculated data of the model indicates that the model can well describe the nonlinear characteristics among the frequency, amplitude of driving voltage and rotating speed. The proposed fuzzy model can be used to analyze the performance of ultrasonic motor driving system, and also can be used to design the speed and position controller of ultrasonic motor.

Pathways Revisited: A Quantitative Model of Discard

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Hildebrand
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Pathway Model ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Mathematical Expressions

A quantitative model of discard is presented. It is directed toward resolving the difficulty in relating frequency of archaeologically observed material objects to occurrences of past behavior. Schiffer’s (1976) Pathway Model is revised and expanded as the basis of this analysis. Mathematical expressions are developed relating frequency of cultural deposition to past behavior. The pathways of deposition considered are use-related discard, accidental loss, and deterioration during storage. Application of these relations to specific archaeological problems will require estimates of certain variables that should be based on ethnographic and experimental data.

Numerical Simulation of the Viscous Flow for the Supersonic Jet Element

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 2362-2365
Author(s):  
Yong Yu ◽  
Guo Qing Zhang ◽  
Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Steady Flow ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Numerical Precision ◽  
Good Agreement

The viscous flow of the supersonic jet element was simulated numerically based on CFD technology, and many tests have been done to verify the numerical precision. The results show that the calculated data are good agreement with the experimental data. So the numerical simulation of the viscous flow for the supersonic jet element is accurate and reliable, and it can be applied to investigate the steady flow and unsteady flow in supersonic jet element.

13C Chemical Shifts of Methylquinolizidines and Correlations with the Chemical Shifts of Methyl Substituted trans-Decalins

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (22) ◽  
pp. 3778-3783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. LaLonde ◽  
Thomas N. Donvito
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
13C Chemical Shifts ◽  
Careful Comparison

13C chemical shifts are reported for quinolizidine and eight methylquinolizidines. Assignments of methylquinolizidine resonances are made with the assistance of the previously made assignments of quinolizidine, the methyl substituted trans-decalins and the methyl parameters of Grant. A more careful comparison of the quinolizidines with the trans-decalins is made through correlations with experimental data for four decalins and calculated data for six decalins.

scholarly journals A new mathematical model for the viscosity of vegetable oils based on freely sliding molecules

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
I. Stanciu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Temperature Relation ◽  
Jones Potential ◽  
Molecular Potential ◽  
Dependent Function ◽  
Statistical Effect ◽  
Data Points

Viscosity is one of the most important parameters for vegetable oil. A new mathematical viscosity model was developed based on freely sliding molecules with Lennard-Jones’ potential and linear density-temperature relation. According to the functions derived from the new model, viscosity gradually decreases with temperature at atmospheric pressure. Viscosity increases with density, however, due to the molecular momentum transfer and statistical effect of average molecular potential. After the temperature dependent function is fitted to the 417 experimental data points collected from references and distributed among the ranges: 278.15–453.15 K and 2.6-192.6 mPa.s, it was found that the calculated data agreed well with experimental data with R2 ≥ 0.961 for 13 oil samples. The density dependent function was also satisfactorily fitted to the 143 viscosity data points versus density from 5 oil samples with R2 ≥ 0.917.

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