scholarly journals Climate Change and Emerging Viral Diseases: the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Gatherer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Three decades have now passed since the first papers linking climate change to issues in human disease and healthcare. One of the most active topics in this area has been the implication of climate change events, particularly temperature and humidity fluctuations, in the northward spread of vector-borne viruses from more tropical regions into Europe and North America. However, some detailed studies of one such emerging disease, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEv), have called the connection into question, concentrating the debate on the investigation of precise mechanisms for the spread of viral disease. More recently, firmer statistical correlations have been made between climate variables, the presence of insect vectors and the prevalence of viral disease, particularly for West Nile Virus (WNV). These insights suggest avenues for mechanistic confirmation of the involvement of climate change in other diseases where the connection remains conjectural.

Effects of climate change on the spread of zika virus: a public health threat

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hina Asad ◽  
David O. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
South America ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Zika is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted to humans primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The increased climate instability has contributed to the emergence of infections carried by mosquitoes like dengue, chikungunya and zika. While infection with the zika virus is not new, the recent epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil and other countries in South America resulting from the infection of pregnant women with the zika virus raise a number of serious public health concerns. These include the question of how climate change affects the range of zika vectors, what can we do to shorten the length of mosquito season, how and why the symptoms of zika infection have changed and what can be done to reduce the burden of human disease from this infection? Another important question that needs to be answered is what are the factors that caused the zika virus to leave the non-human primates and/or other mammals and invade the human population?

scholarly journals Standard routine techniques of modeling of tick-borne encephalitis

Open Physics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 820-828
Author(s):  
Saima Akram ◽  
Aroosa Arooj ◽  
Nusrat Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
Dumitru Baleanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a flaviviral vector-borne disease, which is spread by a tick named Ixodes persulcatus in domestic animals as well as in humans. In this article, susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered model; with no immunity after getting recovered is taken. The only possible immunity is before getting the disease (in our model). The vaccination details are also discussed in the article. Hence, SEIS (susceptible, exposed, infected and again susceptible with zero removal from the specie compartment) is used to construct a mathematical model of TBE. TBE is acute inflammation of the brain parenchyma. After becoming viral in European states and some Asian countries, especially in China, this is an emerging viral disease in Pakistan. After constructing a model, formula for the basic reproduction number R0-like threshold has been derived by using the next-generation matrix method. The formula for R0-like threshold is used to evaluate whether the disease is going to be outbroken in the respective area from which the specific data are taken into consideration. The main motivation behind selection of this topic is to address the unawareness of this disease specifically in Pakistan and in its neighboring countries when there persists probability for the outbreak of this disease. Some equilibrium points and their local stability is also discussed. Numerical computations and graphs are also presented to validate the results.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in Amblyomma spp. ticks collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-768
Author(s):  
Lina de Campos Binder ◽  
Laura Beatriz Tauro ◽  
Adrian Alejandro Farias ◽  
Marcelo Bahia Labruna ◽  
Adrian Diaz
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Full Genome Sequencing ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Abstract Due to anthropic environmental changes, vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide. Ticks are known vectors of several pathogens of concern among humans and animals. In recent decades, several examples of tick-borne emerging viral diseases have been reported (Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Powassan virus, encephalitis virus, heartland virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus). Unfortunately, few studies addressing the presence of viruses in wild ticks have been carried out in South America. With the aim of detecting flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in ticks, we carried out molecular detection in wild ticks collected in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. No Flavivirus-positive ticks were detected; however, we detected activity of Orthobunyavirus in 8 Amblyomma tick specimens. One of those individuals was positive for Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus, which represents the first report of this virus among ticks in South America. Further studies related to the ecology of zoonotic diseases are needed to increase knowledge of this topic, including attempts at viral isolation, full genome sequencing and biological characterization. In this way, we will obtain a better picture of the real risk of ticks as a vector for viral diseases for humans and animals on our continent, where no tick-borne viral disease is known to occur.

Tick-borne encephalitis and its global importance

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Viral Disease ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
The Family ◽  
Viremic Phase ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Siberian Subtype

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-transmitted human viral disease in Europe and Asia with up to 10000 human cases annually. The etiologic agents of TBE are the three subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. The Far-Eastern subtype and the Siberian subtype are both mainly transmitted by Ixodes persulcatus; the European subtype is mainly transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Besides tick bite, TBEV can be transmitted by unpasteurised milk from goat, sheep and cattle during the viremic phase of infection by the oral route of infection (alimentary form of TBE). There is no treatment for TBE available, but there are effective and well tolerated vaccines against TBE, which are recommended for people living or travelling to endemic countries with a risk of infection.

scholarly journals Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (8) ◽  
pp. 1231-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. VOROU ◽  
V. G. PAPAVASSILIOU ◽  
S. TSIODRAS
Keyword(s):  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Emerging Zoonoses ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in European countries. A computerized search of the Medline database from January 1966 to August 2006 for all zoonotic agents in European countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. Fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in Europe from 2000 to August 2006:Rickettsiaespp.,Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Borrelia burgdorferi,Bartonellaspp.,Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus,Hantavirus, Toscana virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus group, West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,Trichinellaspp., andEchinococus multilocularis. Main risk factors included climatic variations, certain human activities as well as movements of animals, people or goods. Multi-disciplinary preventive strategies addressing these pathogens are of public health importance. Uniform harmonized case definitions should be introduced throughout Europe as true prevalence and incidence estimates are otherwise impossible.

scholarly journals Low-pathogenic virus induced immunity against TBEV protects mice from disease but not from virus entry into the CNS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Petry ◽  
Martin Palus ◽  
Eva Leitzen ◽  
Johanna Gracia Mitterreiter ◽  
Bei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Tbev Strain ◽  
Langat Virus ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

AbstractTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of vector-borne viral encephalitis with expanding endemic regions across Europe. Although currently used inactivated whole virus vaccines are effective, vaccination breakthroughs have been reported for which the reasons are unclear. In this study we tested in mice the efficacy of pre-infection with a closely related low-virulent flavivirus, Langat virus (LGTV strain TP21), or a naturally avirulent TBEV strain (TBEV-280) in providing protection against lethal infection with the highly virulent TBEV strain TBEV-Hypr (referred to as TBEV-Hypr). LGTV has been evaluated as an experimental live vaccine against TBE, but further development was abandoned due to too high residual pathogenicity of a LGTV-based vaccine. Here we show that prior infection with TP21 or TBEV-280 is efficient in protecting mice from lethal TBEV-Hypr challenge. Histopathological analysis of brains from non-immunized control mice revealed neuronal TBEV infection and necrosis. Neuroinflammation, gliosis and neuronal necrosis was however also observed in some of the TP21 and TBEV-280 pre-infected mice although at reduced frequency as compared to the non-immunized TBEV-Hypr infected control mice. Interestingly, qPCR detected the presence of viral RNA in the brains and spinal cord of both TP21 and TBEV-280 immunized mice after TBEV-Hypr challenge, but significantly reduced compared to mock-immunized mice. Our results indicate that although TBEV-Hypr infection is effectively controlled in the periphery upon immunization with low-virulent LGTV or naturally avirulent TBEV-280, it may still enter the CNS of these animals. These findings improve our understanding of potential causes for vaccine failure in individuals vaccinated with TBE vaccines.

scholarly journals A novel approach for predicting risk of vector-borne disease establishment in marginal temperate environments under climate change: West Nile virus in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (178) ◽  
pp. 20210049
Author(s):  
David A. Ewing ◽  
Bethan V. Purse ◽  
Christina A. Cobbold ◽  
Steven M. White
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Uk

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs), such as dengue, Zika, West Nile virus (WNV) and tick-borne encephalitis, account for substantial human morbidity worldwide and have expanded their range into temperate regions in recent decades. Climate change has been proposed as a likely driver of past and future expansion, however, the complex ecology of host and vector populations and their interactions with each other, environmental variables and land-use changes makes understanding the likely impacts of climate change on VBDs challenging. We present an environmentally driven, stage-structured, host–vector mathematical modelling framework to address this challenge. We apply our framework to predict the risk of WNV outbreaks in current and future UK climates. WNV is a mosquito-borne arbovirus which has expanded its range in mainland Europe in recent years. We predict that, while risks will remain low in the coming two to three decades, the risk of WNV outbreaks in the UK will increase with projected temperature rises and outbreaks appear plausible in the latter half of this century. This risk will increase substantially if increased temperatures lead to increases in the length of the mosquito biting season or if European strains show higher replication at lower temperatures than North American strains.

scholarly journals Ixodid ticks in Southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
G. A. Danchinova ◽  
M. A. Khasnatinov ◽  
V. I. Zlobin ◽  
I. V. Kozlova ◽  
M. M. Verkhozina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Borrelia Garinii ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Rickettsia Sibirica

The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.

scholarly journals Immunity to TBEV Related Flaviviruses with Reduced Pathogenicity Protects Mice from Disease but Not from TBEV Entry into the CNS

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Monique Petry ◽  
Martin Palus ◽  
Eva Leitzen ◽  
Johanna Gracia Mitterreiter ◽  
Bei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Tbev Strain ◽  
Langat Virus ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Prior Infection

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of vector-borne viral encephalitis with expanding endemic regions across Europe. In this study we tested in mice the efficacy of preinfection with a closely related low-virulent flavivirus, Langat virus (LGTV strain TP21), or a naturally avirulent TBEV strain (TBEV-280) in providing protection against lethal infection with the highly virulent TBEV strain (referred to as TBEV-Hypr). We show that prior infection with TP21 or TBEV-280 is efficient in protecting mice from lethal TBEV-Hypr challenge. Histopathological analysis of brains from nonimmunized mice revealed neuronal TBEV infection and necrosis. Neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis was however also observed in some of the TP21 and TBEV-280 preinfected mice although at reduced frequency as compared to the nonimmunized TBEV-Hypr infected mice. qPCR detected the presence of viral RNA in the CNS of both TP21 and TBEV-280 immunized mice after TBEV-Hypr challenge, but significantly reduced compared to mock-immunized mice. Our results indicate that although TBEV-Hypr infection is effectively controlled in the periphery upon immunization with low-virulent LGTV or naturally avirulent TBEV 280, it may still enter the CNS of these animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of causes for vaccine failure in individuals vaccinated with TBE vaccines.

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