scholarly journals Standard routine techniques of modeling of tick-borne encephalitis

Open Physics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 820-828
Author(s):  
Saima Akram ◽  
Aroosa Arooj ◽  
Nusrat Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
Dumitru Baleanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a flaviviral vector-borne disease, which is spread by a tick named Ixodes persulcatus in domestic animals as well as in humans. In this article, susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered model; with no immunity after getting recovered is taken. The only possible immunity is before getting the disease (in our model). The vaccination details are also discussed in the article. Hence, SEIS (susceptible, exposed, infected and again susceptible with zero removal from the specie compartment) is used to construct a mathematical model of TBE. TBE is acute inflammation of the brain parenchyma. After becoming viral in European states and some Asian countries, especially in China, this is an emerging viral disease in Pakistan. After constructing a model, formula for the basic reproduction number R0-like threshold has been derived by using the next-generation matrix method. The formula for R0-like threshold is used to evaluate whether the disease is going to be outbroken in the respective area from which the specific data are taken into consideration. The main motivation behind selection of this topic is to address the unawareness of this disease specifically in Pakistan and in its neighboring countries when there persists probability for the outbreak of this disease. Some equilibrium points and their local stability is also discussed. Numerical computations and graphs are also presented to validate the results.

Tick-borne encephalitis and its global importance

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Viral Disease ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
The Family ◽  
Viremic Phase ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Siberian Subtype

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-transmitted human viral disease in Europe and Asia with up to 10000 human cases annually. The etiologic agents of TBE are the three subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. The Far-Eastern subtype and the Siberian subtype are both mainly transmitted by Ixodes persulcatus; the European subtype is mainly transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Besides tick bite, TBEV can be transmitted by unpasteurised milk from goat, sheep and cattle during the viremic phase of infection by the oral route of infection (alimentary form of TBE). There is no treatment for TBE available, but there are effective and well tolerated vaccines against TBE, which are recommended for people living or travelling to endemic countries with a risk of infection.

Tick Borne Encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Course ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Taiga Tick ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Family ◽  
European Subtype

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the medically most common tick-borne viral disease in Europe and Asia. The TBE virus (TBEV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae. Transmission mainly to humans occurs by ticks of the Family Ixodidae, mainly the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) in Europe and the taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus) in Asia. Rarely TBEV is also transmitted by contaminated milk of infected ungulates (goat, sheep, cow). The clinical course of TBE is variable and may range from subclinical to fatal encephalomyelitis. Probably host and viral factors are involved in the pathogenesis of disease. So far, no specific treatment of the disease is available. The only effective prevention of TBE is vaccination. A number of different vaccines are available worldwide. In Europe two vaccines are licensed which contain inactivated European subtype TBEV. Probably the European vaccines protect also against infections with other subtypes of TBEV.

scholarly journals Recruitment of Neutrophils across the Blood–Brain Barrier: The Role of E- and P-selectins

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1115-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Bernardes-Silva ◽  
Daniel C. Anthony ◽  
Andrew C. Issekutz ◽  
V. Hugh Perry
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Neutrophil Recruitment ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Juvenile Rats ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Barrier Breakdown ◽  
The Brain

The adult central nervous system parenchyma is resistant to inflammation, but in juvenile rats the injection of inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1β for example, gives rise to extensive neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-dependent blood–brain barrier breakdown. The factors that confer this resistant phenotype are unknown. In this study, the authors demonstrate that E- and P-selectin expression is increased to a similar extent in adult and juvenile brain after the intracerebral injection of IL-1β. Thus, the refractory nature of the brain parenchyma cannot be attributed to an absence of selectin expression. However, in injuries where the resistant characteristic of the brain parenchyma is compromised, and neutrophil recruitment occurs, selectin blockade may be an advantage. The authors investigated the contribution that selectins make to neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation in the brain. The authors examined neutrophil recruitment by immunohistochemistry on brain sections of juvenile rats killed four hours after the intracerebral injection of IL-1β and the intravenous injection of neutralizing anti-selectin monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The administration of the P-selectin blocking mAb inhibited neutrophil recruitment by 85% compared with controls. Surprisingly, E-selectin blockade had no effect on neutrophil recruitment to the brain parenchyma. Thus, P-selectin appears to play a pivotal role in mediating neutrophil recruitment to the brain parenchyma during acute inflammation.

scholarly journals Ixodid ticks in Southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
G. A. Danchinova ◽  
M. A. Khasnatinov ◽  
V. I. Zlobin ◽  
I. V. Kozlova ◽  
M. M. Verkhozina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Borrelia Garinii ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Rickettsia Sibirica

The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.

scholarly journals Viral encephalitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (9B) ◽  
pp. 703-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Tulius T Silva
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Brain

While systemic viral infections are exceptionally common, symptomatic viral infections of the brain parenchyma itself are very rare, but a serious neurologic condition. It is estimated that viral encephalitis occurs at a rate of 1.4 cases per 100.000 inhabitants. Geography is a major determinant of encephalitis caused by vector-borne pathogens. A diagnosis of viral encephalitis could be a challenge to the clinician, since almost 70% of viral encephalitis cases are left without an etiologic agent identified. In this review, the most common viral encephalitis will be discussed, with focus on ecology, diagnosis, and clinical management.

ABC Transporters in Neurological Disorders: An Important Gateway for Botanical Compounds Mediated Neuro-Therapeutics

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 795-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niraj Kumar Jha ◽  
Rohan Kar ◽  
Rituraj Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Brain

Neurodegeneration is a distinguishing feature of many age related disorders and other vector borne neuroinflammatory diseases. There are a number of factors that can modulate the pathology of these disorders. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are primarily involved in the maintenance of normal brain homeostasis by eliminating toxic peptides and compounds from the brain. Also, ABC transporters protect the brain from the unwanted effects of endogenous and exogenous toxins that can enter the brain parenchyma. Therefore, these transporters have the ability to determine the pathological outcomes of several neurological disorders. For instance, ABC transporters like P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), and BCRP (ABCG2) have been reported to facilitate the clearance of peptides such as amyloid-β (Aβ) that accumulate in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Other members such as ABCA1, ABCA2, ABCC8, ABCC9, ABCG1 and ABCG4 also have been reported to be involved in the progression of various brain disorders such as HIV-associated dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Ischemic stroke, Japanese encephalitis (JE) and Epilepsy. However, these defective transporters can be targeted by numerous botanical compounds such as Verapamil, Berberine and Fascalpsyn as a therapeutic target to treat these neurological outcomes. These compounds are already reported to modulate ABC transporter activity in the CNS. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms involving the ABC transporters role in normal brain functioning, their role in neuronal dysfunction and how these botanical compounds ensure and facilitate their therapeutic action in association with defective transporters still remain elusive. This review therefore, summarizes the role of ABC transporters in neurological disorders, with a special emphasis on its role in AD brains. The prospect of using botanical/natural compounds as modulators of ABC transporters in neurological disorders is discussed in the latter half of the article.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Emerging Viral Diseases: the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Gatherer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Three decades have now passed since the first papers linking climate change to issues in human disease and healthcare. One of the most active topics in this area has been the implication of climate change events, particularly temperature and humidity fluctuations, in the northward spread of vector-borne viruses from more tropical regions into Europe and North America. However, some detailed studies of one such emerging disease, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEv), have called the connection into question, concentrating the debate on the investigation of precise mechanisms for the spread of viral disease. More recently, firmer statistical correlations have been made between climate variables, the presence of insect vectors and the prevalence of viral disease, particularly for West Nile Virus (WNV). These insights suggest avenues for mechanistic confirmation of the involvement of climate change in other diseases where the connection remains conjectural.

TBE in China

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western China ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
West China ◽  
North West ◽  
Haemaphysalis Concinna ◽  
Viral Subtype ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Brain

The first TBE patients in China were reported in 1943, and the TBEV was isolated from the brain tissues of 2 patients in 1944 by Japanese military scientists,1 and from patients and ticks (Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis concinna) in 1952 by Chinese researchers.2 The Far Eastern viral subtype (TBEV-FE) is the endemic subtype that has been isolated from all 3 known natural foci (northeastern China, western China, and southwestern China).14 Recently a new “Himalayan subtype” of the TBEV (TBEV-HIM) was isolated from wild rodent Marmoata himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau15. The main vector of the TBEV in China is I. persulcatus.3 One recent report suggests that the TBEV-SIB is prevalent in the Uygur region (North West China)13 but epidemiological modelling indicates that the TBEV may occur even widely all over China (Figure 3).4 Likely, the disease is often missed by clinicians due to a lack of the availability of specific diagnostic assays16.

Magnetoencephalography and the Cortical Dynamics of Language Processing

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-153
Author(s):  
Riitta Salmelin ◽  
Jan Kujala ◽  
Mia Liljeström
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

When seeking to uncover the brain correlates of language processing, timing and location are of the essence. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers them both, with the highest sensitivity to cortical activity. MEG has shown its worth in revealing cortical dynamics of reading, speech perception, and speech production in adults and children, in unimpaired language processing as well as developmental and acquired language disorders. The MEG signals, once recorded, provide an extensive selection of measures for examination of neural processing. Like all other neuroimaging tools, MEG has its own strengths and limitations of which the user should be aware in order to make the best possible use of this powerful method and to generate meaningful and reliable scientific data. This chapter reviews MEG methodology and how MEG has been used to study the cortical dynamics of language.

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