emerging viral diseases
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

124
(FIVE YEARS 71)

H-INDEX

20
(FIVE YEARS 6)

Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Anthony K. L. Leung ◽  
Diane E. Griffin ◽  
Jürgen Bosch ◽  
Anthony R. Fehr

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases pose continuous public health threats, and effective control requires a combination of non-pharmacologic interventions, treatment with antivirals, and prevention with vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the world was least prepared to provide effective treatments. This lack of preparedness has been due, in large part, to a lack of investment in developing a diverse portfolio of antiviral agents, particularly those ready to combat viruses of pandemic potential. Here, we focus on a drug target called macrodomain that is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of alphaviruses and coronaviruses. Some mutations in alphavirus and coronaviral macrodomains are not tolerated for virus replication. In addition, the coronavirus macrodomain suppresses host interferon responses. Therefore, macrodomain inhibitors have the potential to block virus replication and restore the host’s protective interferon response. Viral macrodomains offer an attractive antiviral target for developing direct acting antivirals because they are highly conserved and have a structurally well-defined (druggable) binding pocket. Given that this target is distinct from the existing RNA polymerase and protease targets, a macrodomain inhibitor may complement current approaches, pre-empt the threat of resistance and offer opportunities to develop combination therapies for combating COVID-19 and future viral threats.


F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Tommie Crum ◽  
Kirsten Mooney ◽  
Birendra R. Tiwari

Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and reducing mortality. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review focuses on vaccine injury compensation programs and highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We conclude that the vaccine injury compensation programs are available in limited number of countries across four continents - mostly in Europe. Lack of standard approach and scope of injury prevention and compensation programs across the countries exists. Some important limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Therefore, additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 507-540
Author(s):  
Nelia Ortega-Parra ◽  
◽  
Zafeiro Zisi ◽  
Inge M. Hanssen ◽  
◽  
...  

Plant virus management strategies have largely been limited to the application of hygiene protocols, the control of viral vectors such as insects and nematodes and the use of resistant varieties. However, these approaches are often insufficient to prevent infections. The rapid control of newly emerging viral diseases remains challenging. This chapter focuses on cross-protection using mild viruses as active substances in biocontrol. The chapter begins by describing the theoretical modes of action of cross-protection. It then goes on to discuss crucial elements in the development of a cross-protection strategy, taking into account new insights based on commercial application of cross-protection. The chapter also provides case studies in which cross-protection has been applied in commercial crops, in particular vaccination strategies to control Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in greenhouse tomato. Finally, developments that may impact future research into the control of emerging viral pathogens are discussed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 108888
Author(s):  
Sofía Inés Giorgetti ◽  
Marina Etcheverrigaray ◽  
Frances Terry ◽  
William Martin ◽  
Anne Searls De Groot ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar ◽  
Sulaiman Sani Kankara ◽  
Ibrahim Malami ◽  
Jamilu Bala Danjuma ◽  
Yusuf Zaharadeen Muhammad ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (47) ◽  
pp. 2170366
Author(s):  
Eunjung Kim ◽  
Eun‐Kyung Lim ◽  
Geunseon Park ◽  
Chaewon Park ◽  
Jong‐Woo Lim ◽  
...  

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Denis S. Azevedo ◽  
José Lucas C. Duarte ◽  
Carlos Felipe G. Freitas ◽  
Karoline L. Soares ◽  
Mônica S. Sousa ◽  
...  

The most recent emerging infectious diseases originated in animals, mainly in wildlife reservoirs. Mutations and recombination events mediate pathogen jumps between host species. The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and non-human primates allows the transmission of pathogens between these species. These pathogens cause severe impacts on public health and impair the conservation of habituated or non-habituated wild-living apes. Constant exposure of great apes to human actions such as hunting, deforestation, the opening of roads, and tourism, for example, contributes to increased interaction between humans and great apes. In spite of several studies emphasizing the risks of pathogen transmission between animals and humans, outbreaks of the reverse transmission of infectious agents threatening wildlife still occur on the African continent. In this context, measures to prevent the emergence of new diseases and conservation of primate species must be based on the One Health concept; that is, they must also ensure the monitoring of the environment and involve political and social aspects. In this article, we review and discuss the anthropological aspects of the transmission of diseases between people and wild primates and discuss new anthropozoonotic diseases in great apes in Africa from studies published between 2016 and 2020. We conclude that the health of great apes also depends on monitoring the health of human populations that interact with these individuals.


Author(s):  
Safeer M. Saifudeen ◽  
Safeer M. Saifudeen ◽  
Safeer M. Saifudeen ◽  
Safeer M. Saifudeen ◽  
Safeer M. Saifudeen ◽  
...  

Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) caused by porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV-2) are emerging viral diseases with unfavourable effects on animal health and swine economy. We have a lot of information regarding the changes in the lymphoid organs and spleen in PCV-2 infected pigs whereas the reason for anaemic changes in the carcasses and the pathological effects of PCV-2 in bone marrow are still not well studied. Hence, an extensive study to identify the changes in myeloid and erythroid cells of bone marrow in PCV-2 infected pigs was carried out. Myeloid and erythroid series of cells were counted and analysed from the freshly collected bone marrow cytological smears from the PCV-2 suspected samples. Later, PCV-2 infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characteristic histopathological findings. The PCR yielded an amplicon of ~ 481 bp product and those positive cases were selected for determining the Myeloid to Erythroid ratio (M : E ratio). However, values did not significantly differ in any of the cellular components between PCV-2 positive animals and PCV-2 negative animals which indicated that the bone marrow was not the specific target organ for PCV-2 viral infections. However, increased lympho-histiocytic and plasmacytic infiltration was noticed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. These characteristic features of PCV-2 infection could be considered as a major reason for increased proliferation of myeloid cells.


mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junna Kawasaki ◽  
Shohei Kojima ◽  
Keizo Tomonaga ◽  
Masayuki Horie

Monitoring the spread of viral infections and identifying novel viruses capable of infecting humans through animal reservoirs are necessary to control emerging viral diseases. Massive amounts of sequencing data collected from various animals are publicly available, and these data may contain sequences originating from a wide variety of viruses.


F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Tommie Crum ◽  
Kirsten Mooney ◽  
Birendra R. Tiwari

Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and mortality reduction. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this article is to review the existing vaccine injury compensation programs in different countries. The review also highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We have identified 27 countries operating vaccine injury compensation programs. In Canada, Quebec is the only province with a scheme; however, discussions are ongoing in Canada for nationwide implementation in light of COVID 19.  Study limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document