scholarly journals Gravitational Field and Mass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Neutron Star ◽  
Vacuum Polarization ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuation ◽  
Relativistic Mass ◽  
Field Electron ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Photon Collision

It is extremely fascinating and astonishing that the gravitational field on the surface of a neutron star is with a relativistic mass density of 2.65*1016~5.87*1018kgm-3 which can be larger than the mass density of the neutron star (~1017kgm-3).Therefore, it is the author’s first intuitional imagining that this field could directly convert into mass. In so strong a gravitational field, electron and proton could be produced directly from graviton–photon collision. The gravitational field exists in everywhere in our universe. No vacuum that the region of a space is “empty” does exist. A particle is clearly always being acted on by the gravitational field. The quantum vacuum fluctuation and vacuum polarization need be re-understood with the interaction between photon and gravitational field. Therefore, the gravitational field is naturally one of the foundations of modern physics.

scholarly journals Relativistic Mass of Gravitational Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yin zhu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Neutron Star ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Relativistic Mass

It is discovered that the gravitational field on the surface of a neutron star is with a relativistic mass density of 2.65*1016~5.87*1018kgm-3 which can be larger than the mass density of the neutron star (~1017kgm-3). And, the total relativistic mass of the gravitational field of the Sun is ~107 times the mass of the Sun. For different stars, the relativistic mass of the gravitational field is larger as the mass density of the star is larger. In the Milky Way, the total relativistic mass of the gravitational fields is much larger than the total mass of the stars, planets and gas. And, the relativistic mass density of the observed strongest magnetic field is 2.17*108kgm-3. This discovery should be a new frame to understand the fundamental problem of physics.

Higher corrections in the theory of vacuum polarization by an isotropic gravitational field

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Vereshkov ◽  
A. V. Korotun ◽  
A. N. Poltavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Vacuum Polarization

scholarly journals On the Dependence of the Relativistic Angular Momentum of a Uniform Ball on the Radius and Angular Velocity of Rotation

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Fedosin
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Neutron Star ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Kerr Black Hole ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Spherical Body ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light

In the framework of the special theory of relativity, elementary formulas are used to derive the formula for determining the relativistic angular momentum of a rotating ideal uniform ball. The moment of inertia of such a ball turns out to be a nonlinear function of the angular velocity of rotation. Application of this formula to the neutron star PSR J1614-2230 shows that due to relativistic corrections the angular momentum of the star increases tenfold as compared to the nonrelativistic formula. For the proton and neutron star PSR J1748-2446ad the velocities of their surface’s motion are calculated, which reach the values of the order of 30% and 19% of the speed of light, respectively. Using the formula for the relativistic angular momentum of a uniform ball, it is easy to obtain the formula for the angular momentum of a thin spherical shell depending on its thickness, radius, mass density, and angular velocity of rotation. As a result, considering a spherical body consisting of a set of such shells it becomes possible to accurately determine its angular momentum as the sum of the angular momenta of all the body’s shells. Two expressions are provided for the maximum possible angular momentum of the ball based on the rotation of the ball’s surface at the speed of light and based on the condition of integrity of the gravitationally bound body at the balance of the gravitational and centripetal forces. Comparison with the results of the general theory of relativity shows the difference in angular momentum of the order of 25% for an extremal Kerr black hole.

scholarly journals Derivative corrections to the Heisenberg-Euler effective action

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Karbstein
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
Vacuum Polarization ◽  
Strong Field ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Polarization Tensor ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Vacuum Polarization Tensor ◽  
Electron Positron Pair

Abstract We show that the leading derivative corrections to the Heisenberg-Euler effective action can be determined efficiently from the vacuum polarization tensor evaluated in a homogeneous constant background field. After deriving the explicit parameter-integral representation for the leading derivative corrections in generic electromagnetic fields at one loop, we specialize to the cases of magnetic- and electric-like field configurations characterized by the vanishing of one of the secular invariants of the electromagnetic field. In these cases, closed-form results and the associated all-orders weak- and strong-field expansions can be worked out. One immediate application is the leading derivative correction to the renowned Schwinger-formula describing the decay of the quantum vacuum via electron-positron pair production in slowly-varying electric fields.

scholarly journals Quantum Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Gravity An Essay

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Philip J. Tattersall
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Energy Coupling ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Free Fall Acceleration ◽  
Energy Gradient

Building on the work of others a novel idea is put forward regarding the possible mechanism of gravity as involving energy coupling down the energy gradient of a massive body. Free fall (acceleration) in a gravitational field is explained as arising from an interaction of the modified quantum vacuum energy in the vicinity of matter.

scholarly journals Nonlocal metric realizations of MOND

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Vacuum Polarization ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Weak Lensing ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Gravitational Field Equations ◽  
Primordial Inflation ◽  
Fisher Relation

I discuss relativistic extensions of MOND in which the metric couples normally to matter. I argue that MOND might be a residual effect from the vacuum polarization of infrared gravitons produced during primordial inflation. If so, MOND corrections to the gravitational field equations would be nonlocal. Nonlocality also results when one constructs metric field equations that reproduce the Tully–Fisher relation, along with sufficient weak lensing. I give the full field equations for the simplest class of models, and I specialize these equations to the geometries relevant for cosmology. I conclude by sketching the direction of future studies.

STEADY STATES OF SELF-GRAVITATING INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 4287-4303 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAYER HUMI
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Incompressible Fluid ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Hydrodynamic Equations ◽  
Isothermal Case

In this paper we develop a simple analytic model for the steady state of self-gravitating incompressible nonswirling gas in three dimensions with axial symmetry which is based on the hydrodynamic equations for stratified fluid. These equations are then reduced to a system of two equations for the mass density and the gravitational field. Numerical solutions of these equations under different modeling assumptions (with special attention to the isothermal case) are then used to study the patterns of the resulting steady state of the fluid.

scholarly journals Vacuum fluctuation inside a star and their consequences for neutron stars, a simple model

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650027 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Caspar ◽  
I. Rodríguez ◽  
P. O. Hess ◽  
W. Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Constant Mass ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuations ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuation ◽  
Monopole Approximation ◽  
Classical Quantum

Applying semi-classical quantum mechanics, the vacuum fluctuations within a star are determined, assuming a constant mass density and applying a monopole approximation. It is found that the density for the vacuum fluctuations does not only depend linearly on the mass density, as assumed in a former publication, where neutron stars up to 6 solar masses were obtained. This is used to propose a simple model on the dependence of the dark energy to the mass density, as a function of the radial distance [Formula: see text]. It is shown that stars with up to 200 solar masses can, in principle, be obtained. Though, we use a phenomenological model, it shows that in the presence of vacuum fluctuations stars with large masses can be stabilized and probably stars up to any mass can exist, which usually are identified as black holes.

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