scholarly journals Carbon Organic Content under Organic and Conventional Paddy Field and its Effect on Biological Activities (A Case Study in Pati Regency, Indonesia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Supriyadi Supriyadi ◽  
Melja Karni Pratiwi ◽  
Slamet Minardi ◽  
Nanda Lintang Prastiyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

The low organic matter content of paddy soils impacts the declining quality of land. Without the efforts to enrich the soil organic matter (SOM) content, the productivity of paddy fields will decrease or the need for inorganic fertilizers will increase to reach the level of yield. The present research aims to determine the effect of differences in organic and conventional paddy fields management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and biological activities. The research was conducted from July to September 2018 on organic and conventional paddy fields in Dukuhseti Sub-district, Pati Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Sampling points were taken from six organic samples in the organic paddy fields while the other six samples were taken from conventional paddy fields. The variables observed in this research were organic C, pH, total N soil, total bacterial colonies, soil respiration and microbial biomass C. The results show that the organic C content in the organic paddy field (2.4%) was higher than that of the conventional paddy field (1.8%). The C content of organic paddy fields increased by 0.6%. The differences of the total bacterial colonies, soil respiration and microbial biomass C between organic paddy fields and conventional paddy fields were 11.5 CFU g<sup>-1</sup>, 7.42 mg CO<sub>2</sub> week<sup>-1</sup> and 0.51 µg g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, because the use of organic farming systems could improve the biological nature of soils and caused biological activity in organic paddy fields to have the highest value compared to conventional paddy fields.

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, soluble organic C and CO2 evolution after three years of manure application

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
E. G. Gregorich
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Soluble C

Application of manure and fertilizer affects the rate and extent of mineralization and sequestration of C in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 3 yr of application of N fertilizer and different manure amendments on CO2 evolution and the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and soluble C in the field. Soil respiration, soluble organic C and microbial biomass C were measured at intervals over the growing season in maize soils amended with stockpiled or rotted manure, N fertilizer (200 kg N ha−1) and with no amendments (control). Manure amendments increased soil respiration and levels of soluble organic C and microbial biomass C by a factor of 2 to 3 compared with the control, whereas the N fertilizer had little effect on any parameter. Soil temperature explained most of the variations in CO2 flux (78 to 95%) in each treatment, but data from all treatments could not be fitted to a unique relationship. Increases in CO2 emission and soluble C resulting from manure amendments were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.75) with soil temperature. This observation confirms that soluble C is an active C pool affected by biological activity. The positive correlation between soluble organic C and soil temperature also suggests that production of soluble C increases more than mineralization of soluble C as temperature increases. The total manure-derived CO2-C was equivalent to 52% of the applied stockpiled-manure C and 67% of the applied rotted-manure C. Estimates of average turnover rates of microbial biomass ranged between 0.72 and 1.22 yr−1 and were lowest in manured soils. Manured soils also had large quantities of soluble C with a slower turnover rate than that in either fertilized or unamended soils. Key words: Soil respiration, greenhouse gas, soil carbon

Seasonal trends in selected soil biochemical attributes: Effects of crop rotation in the semiarid prairie

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
G. Wen ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
J. Schoenau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N

Measurements of seasonal changes in soil biochemical attributes can provide valuable information on how crop management and weather variables influence soil quality. We sampled soil from the 0- to 7.5-cm depth of two long-term crop rotations [continuous wheat (Cont W) and both phases of fallow-wheat (F–W)] at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, from early May to mid-October, 11 times in 1995 and 9 times in 1996. The soil is a silt loam, Orthic Brown Chernozem with pH 6.0, in dilute CaCl2. We monitored changes in organic C (OC) and total N (TN), microbial biomass C (MBC), light fraction C and N (LFC and LFN), mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC). All biochemical attributes, except MBC, showed higher values for Cont W than for F–W, reflecting the historically higher crop residue inputs, less frequent tillage, and drier conditions of Cont W. Based on the seasonal mean values for 1996, we concluded that, after 29 yr, F–W has degraded soil organic C and total N by about 15% compared to Cont W. In the same period it has degraded the labile attributes, except MBC, much more. For example, WSOC is degraded by 22%, Cmin and Nmin by 45% and LFC and LFN by 60–75%. Organic C and TN were constant during the season because one year's C and N inputs are small compared to the total soil C or N. All the labile attributes varied markedly throughout the seasons. We explained most of the seasonal variability in soil biochemical attributes in terms of C and N inputs from crop residues and rhizodeposition, and the influences of soil moisture, precipitation and temperature. Using multiple regression, we related the biochemical attributes to soil moisture and the weather variables, accounting for 20% of the variability in MBC, 27% of that of Nmin, 29% for LFC, 52% for Cmin, and 66% for WSOC. In all cases the biochemical attributes were negatively related to precipitation, soil moisture, temperature and their interactions. We interpreted this to mean that conditions favouring decomposition of organic matter in situ result in decreases in these attributes when they are measured subsequently under laboratory conditions. We concluded that when assessing changes in OC or TN over years, measurements can be made at any time during a year. However, if assessing changes in the labile soil attributes, several measurements should be made during a season or, measurements be made near the same time each year. Key words: Microbial biomass, carbon, nitrogen, mineralization, water-soluble-C, light fraction, weather variables

Effect of crop rotations and cultural practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and respiration in a thin Black Chernozem

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N

The effects of crop rotations and various cultural practices on soil organic matter quantity and quality in a Rego, Black Chernozem with a thin A horizon were determined in a long-term study at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Variables examined included: fertilization, cropping frequency, green manuring, and inclusion of grass-legume hay crop in predominantly spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems. Generally, fertilizer increased soil organic C and microbial biomass in continuous wheat cropping but not in fallow-wheat or fallow-wheat-wheat rotations. Soil organic C, C mineralization (respiration) and microbial biomass C and N increased (especially in the 7.5- to 15-cm depth) with increasing frequency of cropping and with the inclusion of legumes as green manure or hay crop in the rotation. The influence of treatments on soil microbial biomass C (BC) was less pronounced than on microbial biomass N. Carbon mineralization was a good index for delineating treatment effects. Analysis of the microbial biomass C/N ratio indicated that the microbial suite may have been modified by the treatments that increased soil organic matter significantly. The treatments had no effect on specific respiratory activity (CO2-C/BC). However, it appeared that the microbial activity, in terms of respiration, was greater for systems with smaller microbial biomass. Changes in amount and quality of the soil organic matter were associated with estimated amount and C and N content of plant residues returned to the soil. Key words: Specific respiratory activity, crop residues, soil quality, crop rotations

scholarly journals ORGANIC C DYNAMICS IN GRASSLAND SOILS. 2. MODEL VALIDATION AND SIMULATION OF THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION AND RAINFALL EROSION

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. VORONEY ◽  
J. A. VAN VEEN ◽  
E. A. PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
State Level ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Cropping Sequence ◽  
C And N ◽  
Rainfall Erosion

The amounts of organic matter in native prairie and in an adjacent cultivated field were compared with the output from a simulation model describing organic matter dynamics. The effects of past and possible future soil management practices, and the loss of organic C through rainfall erosion were incorporated into the simulation study. Seventy years of cultivation increased the bulk density of the A horizon by an average of 16% along the catena of a Black Chernozemic soil. Organic C had decreased by 36% in the soil profile at the mid-slope position. Losses of organic N were 5–10% less. Depletion of organic C and N from the Ah horizon accounted for > 90% of the total loss from the soil profile. Therefore, extrapolation of data from surface soil, based solely on changes in the concentration of organic C and N, could result in an overestimation of organic matter losses from soils. Microbial biomass in the Ap horizon of the crop-summer-fallow site was 30% less than in the Ah horizon of the native prairie. The model predicted an immediate rise in microbial biomass C upon cultivation of the native prairie due to a large initial input of grassland litter and roots. Subsequently, the microbial biomass C decreased and approached a steady-state level which was 25% less than in the native prairie. The model indicates that large quantities of N released during the initial years of cultivation would not have been totally utilized by the cultivated crops, therefore resulting in major losses to the environment. However, now the organic matter is reaching a steady-state level and only small net release of N can be expected; external N sources are required for optimum crop production. Management practices such as straw removal and cropping sequence have short-term effects on the rate of depletion of soil organic C. Similar equilibrium levels of soil organic matter were predicted after 100 yr of cultivation in simulation studies that did not consider erosion losses. The inclusion of rainfall erosion losses indicated that major organic C and other nutrient losses will occur in management practices that include significant portions of fallow in the cropping sequence.

scholarly journals Variations in Soil Properties and CO2 Emissions of a Temperate Forest Gully Soil along a Topographical Gradient

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Anna Walkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Bulak ◽  
Małgorzata Brzezińska ◽  
Mohammad I. Khalil ◽  
Bruce Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Although forest soils play an important role in the carbon cycle, the influence of topography has received little attention. Since the topographical gradient may affect CO2 emissions and C sequestration, the aims of the study were: (1) to identify the basic physicochemical and microbial parameters of the top, mid-slope, and bottom of a forest gully; (2) to carry out a quantitative assessment of CO2 emission from these soils incubated at different moisture conditions (9% and 12% v/v) and controlled temperature (25 °C); and (3) to evaluate the interdependence between the examined parameters. We analyzed the physicochemical (content of total N, organic C, pH, clay, silt, and sand) and microbial (enzymatic activity, basal respiration, and soil microbial biomass) parameters of the gully upper, mid-slope, and bottom soil. The Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method was used to measure CO2 emitted from soils. The position in the forest gully had a significant effect on all soil variables with the gully bottom having the highest pH, C, N concentration, microbial biomass, catalase activity, and CO2 emissions. The sand content decreased as follows: top > bottom > mid-slope and the upper area had significantly lower clay content. Dehydrogenase activity was the lowest in the mid-slope, probably due to the lower pH values. All samples showed higher CO2 emissions at higher moisture conditions, and this decreased as follows: bottom > top > mid-slope. There was a positive correlation between soil CO2 emissions and soil microbial biomass, pH, C, and N concentration, and a positive relationship with catalase activity, suggesting that the activity of aerobic microorganisms was the main driver of soil respiration. Whilst the general applicability of these results to other gully systems is uncertain, the identification of the slope-related movement of water and inorganic/organic materials as a significant driver of location-dependent differences in soil respiration, may result in some commonality in the changes observed across different gully systems.

Microbial activity and survival in soils dried at different rates

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW West ◽  
GP Sparling ◽  
CW Feltham ◽  
J Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Microbial C

The changes in microbial biomass C, soil respiration, microbial activity (respiration/microbial C) and the content of oxidizable organic C extracted by 0-5 M K2SO4, were measured in four soils of contrasting characteristics (a sand, two silt loam soils and a peat) which were air-dried at 22�C at three different rates in the laboratory. Respiration was also measured on samples of the drying soils rewetted with water. The rates of drying were: <10 h (fast), <33 h (medium) and <62 h (slow); drying was carried out for 6 h on consecutive days, with overnight storage. Measurements were also made on soils stored at field-moisture content over the 15 day duration of the experiment. Respiration and activity declined continuously and in a generally linear manner as the volumetric water content (W,) decreased. The decline in respiration in relation to water content W, was similar for all four soils and for the three rates of drying. Microbial biomass C also declined but generally only after a considerable initial period of drying (after the soils had reached Wv of 0-1-0.3). Extractable C values increased, but only after an initial drying period (Wv below 0.06-0.12). The increases in extractable C were approximately coincident with the decreases in microbial C, but only part of the increase in extractable C could be accounted for by the decrease in microbial C. Rewetting of dried soils caused a marked increase in respiration, particularly when the rewetted soils had reached Wv values where extractable C had begun to increase. The relationship between microbial activity and extractable C was similar for all four soils and was not affected by the rate of drying. The similarity of the microbial responses in these contrasting soils, and the absence of any detectable differences between rates of drying suggest that the microbial communities had similar survival strategies to resist desiccation, and occupied comparable physical niches in the soils, despite these soils having widely differing textures, organic matter content, and soil moisture characteristics.

scholarly journals Assessment of Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Some Tea Soils of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
SM Abdur Rahman ◽  
ARM Solaiman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Tea Garden

Microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and their contribution to soil organic carbon and total N contents were assessed in soils collected from Bilashchara Tea Estate under Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Srimangal of Moulavibazar district, and Sripur Tea Garden under Jaintapur of Sylhet district. Microbial biomass C and N in Bila shchara Tea Estate soils varied from 90.4-144.0 and 20.5-29.0 mg/kg soil, and that of Sripur Tea Garden soils varied from 120.7-362.0 and 26.6-59.5 mg/kg soil, respectively. Within the two tea growing areas biomass C/N ratios ranged from 3.35-6.12. Relationships between biomass C and organic carbon and biomass N and total N were positively correlated. The contribution of biomass C to soil organic C was 1.23%, ranging from 0.9-1.55% and the contribution of biomass N to total N content of the soils ranged from 1.19-2.89%. Keywords: Biomass carbon (C); Biomass nitrogen (N); Organic C; Total N; Tea soilDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i1.4850 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 21-25

Organic matter characteristics under native forest, long-term pasture, and recent conversion to Eucalyptus plantations in Western Australia: microbial biomass, soil respiration, and permanganate oxidation

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mendham ◽  
A. M. O'Connell ◽  
T. S. Grove
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Highly Correlated

The influence of land-use management on Walkley-Black soil carbon (C) concentration, 3 concentrations of permanganate oxidisable C (33, 167, and 333 mm), microbial biomass, and soil respiration in a laboratory incubation was tested in surface soil from 10 sites in south-western Australia. The sites ranged in total C concentration from 1.9 to 8.3%, and represented a broad climatic and soil-type distribution across south-western Australia. At each of the sites, 0-10 cm soil was collected from plots in pasture (20-71 years old), Eucalyptus globulus plantation (7-10 years old, established on ex-pasture), and native vegetation. Soil profiles and position in the landscape for each of the land-use types were matched as closely as possible at each site to minimise influences other than land use. Total C was highly correlated with clay content. Land use caused no significant change in the relationship between total C and soil texture, and land use had little effect on total C concentration. Permanganate-oxidisable C was highly correlated with Walkley-Black organic C (R2�&gt;�0.90) for all 3 concentrations that were investigated. Only the most dilute concentration of permanganate-oxidisable C (33 mm) was sensitive enough to detect small changes in soil organic matter with land use (P = 0.045). Microbial biomass and respiration at 25 kPa matric potential moisture content and 35°C temperature were used as biological indicators of soil organic matter lability. Cumulative respired C was more sensitive to land use than Walkley-Black organic C, with lower respiration in native soils compared with managed soils with low C concentrations, but higher than the managed soils at sites with high C concentrations. Microbial biomass was not significantly affected by land use. Microbial biomass and cumulative respired C were strongly influenced by soil texture, with the microbial quotient (proportion of microbial biomass in total carbon) and the proportion of total C respired significantly lower in soils with higher silt and clay contents. Land use had no significant effect on these relationships. Overall, land use caused only minor differences in the biological and chemical indicators of organic matter quality across a broad range of sites in south-western Australia.

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