scholarly journals West Nile Virus : Understanding its Past, Present, and Future

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Yusuke Sayama ◽  
◽  
Tetsuya Mizutani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile

The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in birds, horses, and humans. WNV-infection causes clinical symptoms such as WNV fever to fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. The emergence and spread of WNV from North America to South America during the last decade and the recent outbreaks of this disease in both humans and horses in Europe suggest that its epidemiology of infection is evolving. This review will present an overview ofWNV virology, vaccine development, and practical aspects of reducing risk of a possible WNV invasion in Japan.

West Nile Virus: Deaths of Crows and Humans

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-280
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
House Finches ◽  
High Virus

This chapter addresses West Nile virus, the cause of a formerly unknown disease whose path through America was a trail of dead birds and dead people. West Nile virus is currently the most common and severe form of mosquito-borne encephalitis in North America. At present, West Nile virus has been isolated from over 300 species of birds. The infected birds fall into two major groups: those that carry the virus and are asymptomatic and those that develop an often fatal neurologic disease. Crows, jays, magpies, and house finches, upon infection, develop high virus loads and rapidly infect the mosquitoes that prey on them. House sparrows are also reservoirs for high titers of West Nile virus and play a role in the virus’ transmission in city areas. Humans are incidental/accidental hosts in the natural mosquito–bird cycle of this viral infection. Most humans who become infected have received bites from mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus. The viruses then replicate at the bite site and likely spread to specialized cells, dendritic cells, which act as processors of foreign antigens. Viruses may also travel directly from the bite site into and through the blood.

scholarly journals Arginine methylation enhances the RNA chaperone activity of the West Nile virus host factor AUF1 p45

RNA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susann Friedrich ◽  
Tobias Schmidt ◽  
Angelika Schierhorn ◽  
Hauke Lilie ◽  
Grit Szczepankiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Arginine Methylation ◽  
Host Factor ◽  
Chaperone Activity ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Rna Chaperone

Polymorphic microsatellite loci from the West Nile virus vector Culex tarsalis

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON L. RASGON ◽  
MEERA VENKATESAN ◽  
CATHERINE J. WESTBROOK ◽  
MARY CLAIRE HAUER
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Virus Vector ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite

scholarly journals Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

A polypyrrole cDNA electrode for the amperometric detection of the West Nile Virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1741-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodica E. Ionescu ◽  
Sebastien Herrmann ◽  
Serge Cosnier ◽  
Robert S. Marks
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile
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