scholarly journals An Approach towards the Determination of Alkalinity in Water, Its Experimental Consideration & Comparison with Traditional Method: An Overview

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Harshit Sharma ◽  
Richa Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Theoretical Determination ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
The Common

<em>Alkalinity is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution therefore it includes all the acid neutralizing bases in water namely OH</em><em>ˉ</em><em>, CO</em><em><sub>3</sub></em><em>²ˉ</em><em> &amp; HCO</em><em><sub>3</sub></em><em>ˉ</em><em> ions. In the natural environment carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the total alkalinity due to the common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate rocks and presence of CO</em><em>2</em><em> in the atmosphere. Alkalinity varies with the location Acid-base titration is performed for their estimation but the theoretical determination for the type and extent of these ions is tedious process through traditional formulas known to us, (Volume of acid used up till Phenolphthalein &amp; Methyl orange end point). Here in this paper we are trying to simplify the method and reporting the direct determination of the extent of ions by simple calculation without using the formulas for specific ions under different conditions of alkalinity. Thus a comparative aspect of this approach with traditional method will be covered by us in this paper.</em>

Molecular modeling of compounds used for corrosion inhibition studies: A review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eno Ebenso ◽  
Chandrabhan Verma ◽  
Lukman Olasunkanmi ◽  
Ekemini D Akpan ◽  
Dakeshwar Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Molecular Modelling ◽  
Theoretical Determination ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
Inhibition Studies

Molecular modelling of organic compounds using computational soft wares has emerged as powerful approach for theoretical determination of corrosion inhibition potentials of organic compounds. Some of the common techniques involved...

The Direct Determination of Copper and Lead in the HCl Soluble Fraction of Carbonate Rocks

1966 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
D. H. Yaalon ◽  
P. Avinur ◽  
V. Lipetz-Herman ◽  
I. Barzily
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Determination Of Copper

Determination of Alkalinity and Acidity of Water by Conductometric Acid-Base Titration

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 893-895
Author(s):  
Ivan Sekerka ◽  
Josef F Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Conductometric Titration ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Acid Base Titration

Abstract The alkalinity and acidity of water are parameters of great importance for studies of aquatic ecosystems. This paper describes the determination of total alkalinity by using acid-base titration with trichloroacetic acid solution as titrant. Total acidity is determined by titration with ammonium hydroxide solution. Both titrations are monitored conductometrically. Performance is evaluated and compared with performance of the potentiometric titration. Automated conductometric titration is simple, fast (30 s/titration), sensitive (detection limit 0.1 ppm CaC03), and accurate. Relative error of the determination increased from about 1% at high levels to about 10% at 1 ppm CaC03. The relative standard deviation of alkalinity measurements ranged from to 5%; for acidity, these values ranged from 1.5 to 17%. Relative standard deviation reached 33% at lower detection limits. Samples containing noncarbonate contributory components of alkalinity (borate, silicate, phosphate, organic acids) can be reproducibly analyzed.

VELOCITY SPECTRA—DIGITAL COMPUTER DERIVATION APPLICATIONS OF VELOCITY FUNCTIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Turhan Taner ◽  
Fulton Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Direct Determination ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Reflection Point ◽  
Wave Travel ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Ground Coverage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Velocity Spectra

Multifold ground coverage by seismic techniques such as the common reflection point method provides a multiplicity of wave travel path information which allows direct determination of root‐mean‐square velocities associated with such paths. Hyperbolic searches for semblance among appropriately gathered arrays of traces form the basis upon which velocities are estimated. Measured semblances are presented as a velocity spectral display. Interpretation of this information can give velocities with meaningful accuracy for primary as well as multiple events. In addition, the velocity data can help correctly label events. This paper outlines the fundamental principles for calculating velocity spectra displays. Examples are included which demonstrate the depth and detail of geological information which may be obtained from the interpretation of such displays.

Matrix Method for Analysis the Effect of the Crystal Field on the Magnetic Moment of Co2+ Ion

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
E.F. Kustov ◽  
V.M. Novotortsev ◽  
I.L. Eremenko ◽  
E.O. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Magnetic Moment ◽  
Matrix Method ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Transition Metal Ions ◽  
Full Matrix ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
The Common

This paper introduces the common principals of theoretical matrix method for the direct determination of magnetic properties of transition metal ions, which is based on calculation of the full matrix of all the interactions. In this work this method was used to calculating, study and analysis the magnitude of magnetic moment of Co2+ ion in crystal fields with different symmetry.

scholarly journals Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11843
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Liu ◽  
Laura André ◽  
Maël Mercier-Huat ◽  
Jean-Marie Grosmaître ◽  
André Pauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Simulation And Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anaerobic Media

The determination of a volatile fatty acid content (FOS) and total alkalinity (TAC) can be carried out using Nordmann’s FOS/TAC titration method developed in the 1970s. This two-point titration (pH = 5 and 4.4) can be simply implemented and is widely employed by both the academic and industrial worlds. However, the present study proves that Nordmann’s method is only valid in limited ranges, since the titration of one FOS and TAC has an impact on the determination of the other, especially in extreme conditions. The present work develops a numerical tool with Scilab simulating the acid–base equilibria of titration. The program is efficient in predicting the experimental equivalent volumes obtained from Nordmann’s method with different combinations of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate contents. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) between the simulation and experiment are below 7%. Two new formulas are developed, considering both equivalent volumes at pH = 5 and 4.4 to calibrate FOS and TAC values. The proposed formulas show their good performance in predicting various combinations of FOS and TAC contents in an anaerobic digestate at TAC ranging from 0 to 20,000 mg CaCO3·L−1 and FOS ranging from 0 to 31,000 mg HAc·L−1.

The Direct Determination of I131 in Heterogeneous Fecal Specimens

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur F. Dratz ◽  
James C. Coberly
Keyword(s):  
Direct Determination
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