scholarly journals Smoking Behavior in Low- and High-Income Adults Immediately Following California Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-870
Author(s):  
Courtney Keeler ◽  
Wendy Max ◽  
Tingting Yao ◽  
Yingning Wang ◽  
Xueying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
System Data

Objectives. To compare the association of California Proposition 56 (Prop 56), which increased the cigarette tax by $2 per pack beginning on April 1, 2017, with smoking behavior among low- and high-income adults. Methods. Drawing on a sample of 17 206 low-income and 21 324 high-income adults aged 21 years or older from the 2012 to 2018 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we explored 2 outcomes: current smoking prevalence and smoking intensity (average number of cigarettes per day among current smokers). For each income group, we estimated a multivariable logistic regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and a multivariable linear regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking intensity. Results. Although we observed no association between smoking intensity and Prop 56, we found a statistically significant decline in smoking prevalence among low-income adults following Prop 56. No such association was found among the high-income group. Conclusions. Given that low-income Californians smoke cigarettes at greater rates than those with higher incomes, our results provide evidence that Prop 56 is likely to reduce income disparities in cigarette smoking in California.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Income Level on Mortality after Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8348
Author(s):  
Seungmin Jeong ◽  
Sung-il Cho ◽  
So Yeon Kong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Aid ◽  
Post Stroke

We investigated whether income level has long-term effects on mortality rate in stroke patients and whether this varies with time after the first stroke event, using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 in South Korea. The study population was new-onset stroke patients ≥18 years of age. Patients were categorized into Category (1) insured employees and Category (2) insured self-employed/Medical Aid beneficiaries. Each category was divided into three and four income level groups, retrospectively. The study population comprised of 11,668 patients. Among the Category 1 patients (n = 7720), the low-income group’s post-stroke mortality was 1.15-fold higher than the high-income group. Among the Category 2 patients (n = 3948), the lower income groups had higher post-stroke mortality than the high-income group (middle-income, aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.29; low-income, aOR 1.70; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.19). In this category, the lower income groups’ post-stroke mortality risks compared to the high-income group were highest at 13–36 months after the first stroke event(middle-income, aOR 1.52; low-income, aOR 2.31; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.53). Medical Aid beneficiaries had a significantly higher post-stroke mortality risk than the high-income group at all time points.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of using complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of chronic illnesses: A multicenter study in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262221
Author(s):  
Md. Shahjalal ◽  
Samar Kishor Chakma ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
Irin Yasmin ◽  
Rashidul Alam Mahumud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Medicine ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Complementary And Alternative

Background While conventional medicine (CM) is commonly used to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is gaining popularity as a healthcare option in Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with using CAM solely and using CAM in conjunction with CM for chronic illness treatment among NCD patients in Bangladesh. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted, including 549 adults with a confirmed chronic illness diagnosis from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city. Interviews were used to gather socio-demographic data, while medical records were used to get information on chronic illnesses. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors of utilizing CAM primarily and CAM use in conjunction with CM to manage the chronic disease. Results Out of 549 NCD patients (282 women [51.4%], mean [standard deviation] age 45.4 [12.8] years), 180 (32.8%) ever used CAM for the treatment of chronic illness. Also, 15.3% of patients exclusively used CAM among the NCD patients, while 17.5% used CAM in conjunction with CM. Homeopathy medicine was the most prevalent type of treatment among CAM users (52.2%). Furthermore, 55.5% of CAM users said they used it due to its less adverse effects, and 41.6% trusted its effectiveness for chronic illness. Elderly patients (≥60 years) preferred CAM in complementary with CM, but they did not rely only on CAM. According to the multinomial regression analysis, unmarried patients, predominantly in the younger age group, adopted CAM significantly for chronic illness treatment (Relative risk ratio, RRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12–0.71, reference = Unmarried). Patients in the high-income group used CAM in conjunction with CM (RRR = 6.26, 95% CI = 1.35–18.90, reference: low-income), whereas patients in the high-income group did not rely on CAM alone (RRR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.34–2.85). Conclusion Although CM remains the mainstream of health care in Bangladesh, CAM services play an essential role in people’s health care, particularly in treating chronic illnesses. Physicians of Bangladesh should be aware that their patients may be using other services and be prepared to ask and answer questions regarding the risks and benefits of using CAM in addition to regular medical care. Thus, clinicians required to follow best-practice guidelines, which are currently not practiced in Bangladesh, when disseminating information regarding integrative techniques that combine CM and CAM approaches.

scholarly journals Consumer Characteristics and Preferences of Rice Attributes Based on the Income Levels in Palembang

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
. Yunita ◽  
. Lifianthi ◽  
Muhammad Arbi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rice Cake ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Head Rice ◽  
Low Income Groups

The study was conducted on 150 respondents living in Palembang city that were randomly selected based on the assumptions of community groups that have high income groups (50 respondents), medium income groups (50 respondents), and low income groups (50 respondents). The purpose of the study is to describe the characteristics of consumers and analyze consumer preferences for rice attributes based on the level of household income in Palembang city. This showed that the characteristics of households from the three level groups, both from the high, medium, and low income groups are very diverse which can influence the decision to choose and buy rice to be consumed. Rice attributes include the level of rice extinction, rice retention, taste of rice, aromatic, type of rice, volume of development, head rice, broken grains, grain groats, lime grains, and color. Household consumer preferences based on the importance level of rice attributes for the very important category most selected in the high and medium income groups are the quality before the rice becomes rice, while the low income group is a resilience factor in rice. Household consumer preferences based on the level of preference for the attribute of rice for the category of very like the most chosen in the high income group is the taste of rice, for the medium income group is rice cake and the low income group is rice and head rice.

scholarly journals Individual Characteristics Associated with Active Travel in Low and High Income Groups in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10360
Author(s):  
Emma Lawlor ◽  
Ruth Hunter ◽  
Deepti Adlakha ◽  
Frank Kee ◽  
Mark Tully
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
High Income ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Income Groups

Active travel (AT) has gained increasing attention as a way of addressing low levels of physical activity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between income and AT. The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with undertaking AT in an adult population and by low- and high-income groups. Data collected from the Physical Activity and the Rejuvenation of Connswater (PARC) study in 2017 were used. Participants were categorised into socio-economic groups according to their weekly household income, and were categorised as participating in ‘no’ AT or ‘some’ AT and ‘sufficient’ AT. Multivariable logistic regression explored characteristics associated with AT in the full cohort, and the low- and high-income groups separately. Variables associated with AT in the low-income group were body mass index (BMI), physical activity self-efficacy, marital status, long term illness, difficulty walking and housing tenure. For the high-income group, BMI, marital status, housing tenure and education were associated with AT. For both income groups, there were consistent positive associations with the action/maintenance phase of the stage of change model across all AT categories. The findings suggest that population sub-groups may benefit from targeted initiatives to support engagement in AT and prevent further widening of inequalities.

scholarly journals International Environmental Efficiency Trends and the Impact of the Paris Agreement

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4503
Author(s):  
Wen-Chi Yang ◽  
Wen-Min Lu ◽  
Alagu Perumal Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

This study estimates the environmental efficiency of 150 economies during the period of 2010–2017 to understand the environmental efficiency trend worldwide. This research adopts the meta-Malmquist approach to compare and capture the dynamic change in environmental efficiency among different income groups. The empirical results indicate that among the four income groups, only the low-income group suffers from regression in terms of environmental efficiency, while the high-income group achieves the greatest progress. For the high-income group, the source of improvement originates from the frontier shift rather than from efficiency change. By contrast, the improvement of the lower-income groups results from the catching-up effect. With regard to the effect of the Paris Agreement, only the lower middle-income group exhibits a statistical difference between the two periods, and environmental efficiency increases after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. The fight against global warming cannot succeed by relying only on specific countries. The whole world must cooperate and improve together, and thus, additional help must be devoted to the low-income group. The statistical results support that differences exist in terms of environmental efficiency among the four income groups. In particular, the low-income group is deteriorating.

scholarly journals Comparison of Household Income In In-Hospital Outcomes After Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Device

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Ebner ◽  
Morgan Karetnick ◽  
Jelani Grant ◽  
Louis Vincent ◽  
Jennifer Maning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
High Income ◽  
Ventricular Assist Devices ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Hospital Outcomes ◽  
Ventricular Assist ◽  
Left Ventricular Assist

Introduction: Due to the inability to keep up with the demand for heart transplantation, there is an increased utilization of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). However, paucity of data exists regarding the association of household income with in-hospital outcomes after LVAD implantation. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using the NIS to identify all patients ≥18 years who underwent LVAD implantation from 2011-2017. Statistical analysis was performed comparing low household income (≤50th percentile) and high income (>50th percentile). Results: A total of 25,503 patients underwent LVAD implantation. The low-income group represented 53% and the high-income group corresponded to 47% of the entire cohort. The low-income group was found to be younger (mean age 55 ±14 vs. 58 ±14 years), higher proportion of females (24% vs. 22%), and higher proportion of blacks (32% vs. 16%, p<0.001 for all). The low-income group was found to have higher prevalence of hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity and pulmonary hypertension (p<0.001 for all). However, the high-income cohort had higher rate of atrial tachyarrhythmias and end-stage renal disease (p<0.001). During hospitalization, patients in the high-income group had increased rates of ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, acute coronary syndrome, bleeding and need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p<0.001 for all). We found that the unadjusted mortality had an OR 1.30 (CI [1.21-1.41], p<0.001) and adjusted mortality of OR 1.14 (CI [1.05-1.23], p=0.002). Conclusion: In patients undergoing LVAD implantation nationwide, low-income was associated with increased comorbidity burden, younger age, and fewer in-hospital complications and all-cause mortality.

Physical Activity Clusters and Income Inequality in Brazilian Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 859-866
Author(s):  
Sofia Wolker Manta ◽  
Kelly Samara da Silva ◽  
Giovani Firpo Del Duca ◽  
Luís Eduardo A. Malheiros ◽  
Margarethe Thaisi Garro Knebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Household Activities

Background: Income is an important determinant of physical activity (PA) when analyzed in its different domains. Sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age, education, and marital status reveal distinct population profiles when PA domains are analyzed in isolation. This study aimed to describe clusters of PA in domains within income inequalities and to investigate the associated sociodemographic characteristics of Brazilian adults. Methods: A secondary analysis of the National Health Survey was performed (N = 50,176). PA, sociodemographic characteristics, and family income were investigated. Low- (n = 9504) and high-income adults (n = 6330) were analyzed. Two-step cluster and Rao–Scott chi-square tests were employed. Results: High-income adults accumulated 1.06 times more PA in leisure time compared with low-income adults. Of the 3 clusters observed, the inactive cluster was more prevalent (low-income group: 65.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64.1–67.5; high-income group: 84.5%; 95% CI, 82.9–86.0). Work/leisure activities (21.2%; 95% CI, 19.8–22.8) and commuting/household activities (12.9%; 95% CI, 11.8–14.1) characterized low-income adults. Work/household activities (10.9%; 95% CI, 9.6–12.3) and commuting/leisure activities (4.6%, 95% CI, 3.9–5.4) characterized high-income adults. Sex (P < .001), age (P < .001), and marital status (P = .0023) were associated with low-income clusters. Conclusion: PA clustering differs within income inequalities. PA in leisure differentiates the opportunities in low- and high-income groups, but it is representative of a very small portion of the wealth.

scholarly journals Income level and outcomes in patients with heart failure with universal health coverage

Heart ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2020-316793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Lieh Hung ◽  
Tze-Fan Chao ◽  
Cheng-Huang Su ◽  
Jo-Nan Liao ◽  
Kuo-Tzu Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Median Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Universal Health

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the influence of income level on guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) prescription rates and prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) following implementation of a nationwide health insurance programme.MethodsA total of 633 098 hospitalised patients with HF from 1996 to 2013 were identified from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Participants were classified into low-income, median-income and high-income groups. GDMT utilisation, in-hospital mortality and postdischarge HF readmission, and mortality rates were compared.ResultsThe low-income group had a higher comorbidity burden and was less likely to receive GDMT than the other two groups. The in-hospital mortality rate in the low-income group (5.07%) was higher than in the median-income (2.47%) and high-income (2.51%) groups. Compared with the high-income group, the low-income group had a significantly higher risk of postdischarge HF readmission (adjusted HR (aHR): 1.29, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.31), all-cause mortality (aHR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.95 to 2.02) and composite HF readmission/all-cause mortality (aHR: 1.54, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.56). These results were generally consistent among the population after propensity matching (low vs high: HR=2.08 for mortality and 1.36 for HF readmission; median vs high: HR=1.23 for mortality and 1.12 for HF readmission; all p<0.001) and after inverse probability of treatment weighting (low-income vs high-income group: HR: 2.19 for mortality and 1.16 for HF readmission; median-income vs high-income group: HR: 1.53 for mortality and 1.09 for HF readmission; all p<0.001). Lower utilisation of GDMT and poorer prognosis in lower-income hospitalised patients with HF appeared to mitigate over time.ConclusionsLow-income patients with HF had nearly a twofold increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality and postdischarge events compared with the high-income group, partly due to lower GDMT utilisation. The differences between postdischarge HF outcomes among various income groups appeared to mitigate over time following the implementation of nationwide universal health coverage.

scholarly journals Association of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption with Nutrient and Food Group Intake and Diet Quality by Income Status Among Children, NHANES 2013–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1489-1489
Author(s):  
Jessica Smith ◽  
Vipra Vanage ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Norton Holschuh ◽  
Yong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Income Status

Abstract Objectives Ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal is an important source of nutrients and whole grains in the diet of children and is associated with higher diet quality. Socioeconomic status is also strongly associated with nutrient intake and diet quality in the US. The objective of this study was to characterize the association between RTE cereal consumption and nutrient and food group intake and diet quality in US children ages 2 to 18 years stratified by their household income status. Methods Children age 2 to 18 years (N = 5658) in two cycles (2013–2014 and 2015–2016) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a US nationally representative cross-sectional study, were categorized as RTE cereal eaters or non-eaters based on one day 24-hour dietary recall. Children were further stratified by their household income status according to the poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), as low-income (PIR ≤ 1.85), mid-income (PIR &gt; 1.85 to &lt;3.50) or high-income (PIR ≥ 3.50). Nutrient intakes, food group intake, and diet quality were compared between RTE cereal eaters and non-eaters in each income category using t-tests. Results More children in the low-income group were RTE cereal eaters (52%) compared to children in the mid-income (24%) and high-income (23%) groups. RTE cereal eaters, compared to non-eaters, in the low-income group had higher intakes of calcium (23% higher), vitamin D (85%), potassium (9%), fiber (12%), iron (71%), magnesium (11%), vitamin A (66%), and vitamin C (21%) (P &lt; 0.05 for all). Conversely, only intakes of vitamin D (59% higher), iron (56%) and vitamin A (39%) were significantly higher in RTE cereal eaters than non-eaters from the high-income group (P &lt; 0.05 for all). Cereal eaters also had higher intake of several key food groups including total dairy, fluid milk, and whole grains in all groups (P &lt; 0.05 for all). Lastly, diet quality was significantly higher among RTE cereal eaters, compared to non-eaters, in the low- and mid-income groups (P &lt; 0.05 for both) but not the high-income group. Conclusions RTE cereal is a popular, affordable food that provides under-consumed nutrients and food groups and is associated with increased diet quality particularly among low-income children. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc.

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