scholarly journals Research Progress of Rabies Vaccine

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Wang ◽  
Shuyang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by rabies virus. Lead to acute fatal encephalomyelitis after rabies virus infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals and human. The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease.Since the first development of a rabies vaccine by Pasteur in the late 19th century, second- and third-generation vaccines with improved efficacy and less reactogenicity have been developed for use in humans and animals. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture-derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies. Furthermore, oral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock. A number of experimental vaccines are under development. These include DNA vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines. Further testing is needed to determine if and which one of these novel vaccines will make their way into mass production and application in the future. This review provide an overview of the past, present and possible future of rabies vaccination.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF RABIES THAT INFECT HUMAN IN INDONESIA DURING ONE LAST DECADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Putri Reno Intan ◽  
Zainal Khoirudin ◽  
Khariri Khariri
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Rabies Case ◽  
The Past ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Rabies is a zoonosis that attacks the central nervous system with the ultimate goal of the central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord of warm-blooded animals and humans. The rabies virus is secreted with the saliva of infected animals and is transmitted through bites or licks on the skin injured by Animal Transmission Rabies (HPR), especially dogs, cats, and monkeys. This article is a literature review of the threat of distribution of rabies that infects humans in Indonesia in one last decade. Data collection is carried out through library research from reports of rabies cases during one last decade. Around the world, every year an estimated 24,000 people are bitten by dogs and other animals suffering from rabies. The first rabies case in Indonesia occurred in 1884. Reports of rabies cases in the last decade are still fluctuating. The average number of bite cases of rabies-carrying animals (GHPR) every year in humans in the past decade has been reported as many as 66,939 cases, and 50,065 cases (74.79%) of which get Anti-Rabies Vaccine (VAR). In the last report in 2019, the number of HPR bite cases was 100,826 cases and 67,625 cases (67%) received VAR. Until 2019, rabies is spread in 26 provinces in Indonesia. Mass vaccination as a method for controlling rabies has been known since 1920. Rabies vaccination is the most effective approach in controlling rabies in both animals and humans.

scholarly journals Humoral Immune Response of Thai Dogs after Oral Vaccination against Rabies with the SPBN GASGAS Vaccine Strain

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Kansuda Leelahapongsathon ◽  
Suwicha Kasemsuwan ◽  
Tanu Pinyopummintr ◽  
Orawan Boodde ◽  
Parinya Phawaphutayanchai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

Applied research is crucial in pushing the boundaries and finding a solution to the age-old problem of dog-mediated rabies. Although oral vaccination of dogs is considered to have great potential in mass dog vaccination campaigns and could have far-reaching benefits, it is perhaps the most ignored of all available tools in efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies, not least because of limited data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of potential oral rabies vaccine candidates. In this study, the long-term immunogenicity in local Thai dogs after oral administration of the highly attenuated 3rd generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS was assessed. The oral rabies vaccine was administered to dogs by either direct oral administration (n = 10) or by offering a vaccine loaded intestine bait (n = 15). The humoral immune response was then compared to three groups of dogs; a group that received a parenteral delivered inactivated rabies vaccine (n = 10), a group offered a placebo intestine bait (n = 7), and a control group (n = 4) for an observation period of 365 days. There was no significant difference in the immune response of dogs that received oral and parenteral vaccine in terms of magnitude, kinetics, and persistence of both rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing (RFFIT) and binding (ELISA) antibodies. Although the single parenteral injection of an inactivated rabies vaccine mounted a slightly higher humoral immune response than the orally delivered live vaccine, RABV specific antibodies of both types were still detectable after one year in most animals for all treatment groups and resulted in no difference in seropositivity. Characterization of rabies specific antibodies revealed two main classes of antibodies involved in the immune response of dogs vaccinated. While IgM antibodies were the first to appear, the succeeding IgG response was mainly IgG2 dominated independent of the vaccine type used. The results support the view that SPBN GASGAS induces a sustained detectable immune response in local dogs both after direct oral administration and via bait application.

scholarly journals Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV, Verorab®): A Systematic Review of Intradermal Use Between 1985 and 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Moulenat ◽  
Céline Petit ◽  
Valérie Bosch Castells ◽  
Guy Houillon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vero Cell ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) has been used in rabies prevention since 1985. Evolving rabies vaccination trends, including shorter intradermal (ID) regimens with reduced volume, along with WHO recommendation for ID administration has driven recent ID PVRV regimen assessments. Thus, a consolidated review comparing immunogenicity of PVRV ID regimens during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is timely and beneficial in identifying gaps in current research. A search of seven databases for studies published from 1985 to November 2019 identified 35 studies. PrEP was assessed in 10 studies (n = 926) with 1–3-site, 1–3-visit regimens of up to 3-months duration. Seroconversion (rabies virus neutralizing antibodies [RVNA] ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) rates of 90–100% were reported within weeks, irrespective of regimen, with robust booster responses at 1 year (100% seroconversion rates by day 14 post-booster). However, data are lacking for the current WHO-recommended, 2-site, 1-week ID PrEP regimen. PEP was assessed in 25 studies (n = 2136) across regimens of 1-week to 90-day duration. All ID PEP regimens assessed induced ≥ 99% seroconversion rates (except in HIV participants) by day 14–28. This review confirms ID PVRV suitability for rabies prophylaxis and highlights the heterogeneity of use in the field.

scholarly journals Serological Responses of Raccoons and Striped Skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012–2016

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Shylo R. Johnson ◽  
Dennis Slate ◽  
Kathleen M. Nelson ◽  
Amy J. Davis ◽  
Samual A. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Raccoon Rabies Virus ◽  
Striped Skunks ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Since the 1990s, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has been used successfully to halt the westward spread of the raccoon rabies virus (RV) variant from the eastern continental USA. Elimination of raccoon RV from the eastern USA has proven challenging across targeted raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) populations impacted by raccoon RV. Field trial evaluations of the Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) were initiated to expand ORV products available to meet the rabies management goal of raccoon RV elimination. This study describes the continuation of a 2011 trial in West Virginia. Our objective was to evaluate raccoon and skunk response to ORV occurring in West Virginia for an additional two years (2012–2013) at 75 baits/km2 followed by three years (2014–2016) of evaluation at 300 baits/km2. We measured the change in rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in targeted wildlife populations by comparing levels pre- and post-ORV during each year of study. The increase in bait density from 75/km2 to 300/km2 corresponded to an increase in average post-ORV seroprevalence for raccoon and skunk populations. Raccoon population RVNA levels increased from 53% (300/565, 95% CI: 50–57%) to 82.0% (596/727, 95% CI: 79–85%) during this study, and skunk population RVNA levels increased from 11% (8/72, 95% CI: 6–20%) to 39% (51/130, 95% CI: 31–48%). The RVNA seroprevalence pre-ORV demonstrated an increasing trend across study years for both bait densities and species, indicating that multiple years of ORV may be necessary to achieve and maintain RVNA seroprevalence in target wildlife populations for the control and elimination of raccoon RV in the eastern USA.

scholarly journals Immunological impact of tetrahydrobiopterin on the central nervous system in a murine model of rabies virus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Vinicius Botelho Brito ◽  
Érika Dayane Leal Rodrigues ◽  
Fernanda Monik Silva Martins ◽  
Lavinia Dias Tavares ◽  
André Luis de Sousa Nogueira Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection

Response to Steroids in IQSEC2-Related Encephalopathy Presenting with Rett-Like Phenotype and Infantile Spasms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Nagabushana ◽  
Aparajita Chatterjee ◽  
Raghavendra Kenchaiah ◽  
Ajay Asranna ◽  
Gautham Arunachal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Epileptic Encephalopathy ◽  
Infantile Spasms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Milestone ◽  
Behavior And Cognition ◽  
Atypical Rett Syndrome

Abstract Introduction IQSEC2-related encephalopathy is an X-linked childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism. This disorder is caused by a mutation in the IQSEC2 gene, the product of which plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Case Report We describe the symptomatology, clinical course, and management of a 17-month-old male child with a novel IQSEC2 mutation. He presented with an atypical Rett syndrome phenotype with developmental delay, autistic features, midline stereotypies, microcephaly, hypotonia and epilepsy with multiple seizure types including late-onset infantile spasms. Spasms were followed by worsening of behavior and cognition, and regression of acquired milestones. Treatment with steroids led to control of spasms and improved attention, behavior and recovery of lost motor milestone. In the past 10 months following steroid therapy, child lags in development, remains autistic with no further seizure recurrence. Conclusion IQSEC2-related encephalopathy may present with atypical Rett phenotype and childhood spasms. In resource-limited settings, steroids may be considered for spasm remission in IQSEC2-related epileptic encephalopathy.

Rabies virus infection in a 21-year-old male presenting with ascending paralysis after a bat scratch

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Shay-Anne Daniels ◽  
Elizabeth M King ◽  
Christopher J Olivier ◽  
John PD Harding ◽  
Christine Fehlner-Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection
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