IN VITRO OVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF COMBINATION Illicium verum EXTRACT AND COCONUT OIL AGAINST Pediculus humanus capitis

Permethrin is still the main therapy for human head infestation Pediculosis capitis in several countries, including Indonesia. However, permethrin is not effective for the egg stage. Therefore, alternative therapy from herbs is needed for the treatment of head lice which is effective for both egg and adult stage. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Illicium verum extract and coconut oil formula against eggs of head lice. An in vitro immersion test was applied with four treatment groups (Illicium verum extract and coconut oil formula with four different compositions) as well as a negative control group (distilled water) and a positive control group (permethrin 1%) against eggs of head lice. The eggs of head lice were immersed for 0.5, 1, or 2 min in 1 ml of each solution. Mortality rates of the eggs were recorded after 5 days of incubation. The formula of Illicium verum extract and palm oil with composition 60:40 had the best efficacy with a mortality rate of head lice eggs reached 86,67%, after immersion for 2 minutes. The combination of Illicium verum extract and coconut oil could be an alternative ovicide, but this formula requires precise composition which can be applied for Pediculus humanus capitis.

GASTROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ONION PEEL (Allium Cepa L. Var Ascalonicum) EXTRACT ON WISTAR RATS INDUCED BY MEFENAMIC ACID

Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) have been implicated in the etiology of gastritis. Mefenamic acid is a non-selective NSAID used to treat mild to moderate pain and inflammation. Mefenamic acid induces gastritis through its inhibition of prostaglandin that results in increased HCl secretion, decreased mucin, and bicarbonate ion production. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of onion peel extract (OPE) against mefenamic acid-induced gastritis. In this study, the gastroprotective effect of OPE was examined through mucosal integrity scoring. A total of 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, normal (Group 1), mefenamic acid+NaCMC 0,5% (Group 2), mefenamic acid+OPE 600mg/kg body weight (Group 3), and mefenamic acid+OPE 1200mg/kg body weight (Group 4). All rats were sacrificed on day 15 then all gasters were collected. Histopathological examination was done under a microscope with 100X magnification. Administration of mefenamic acid without OPE at all significantly increased gastric mucosal damage (p<0,05). Administration of OPE 1200mg/kg body weight significantly decreased gastric mucosal damage (p<0,05). Group 4 shows no significant difference (p=0,66) with the normal group (Group 1). This indicates that administration of OPE 1200mg/kg body weight per oral ameliorates mefenamic acid-induced gastritis.

THE APPROACH OF ONE HEALTH CONCEPT IN ADDRESSING THE SPREAD OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN INDONESIA

Most infectious diseases in the world are zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are now a public health problem that is taking the world's attention because it can cause a pandemic. Zoonotic pandemic diseases can have a very large impact on people's social and economic life. This article is a literature review of the approach of one health concept in addressing the spread of zoonotic diseases in Indonesia. Data collection is carried out through research libraries in the form of scientific journals, books, articles in mass media, and online media. Improving the world of livestock in Indonesia has an impact on humans and the environment. This can increase the risk of transmitting various infectious diseases from animals to humans. The spread of disease occurs quickly and can reach areas not limited by cities, islands, even continents. Zoonotic diseases are closely related to animals and humans, so the planning and control efforts undertaken must involve many people in charge, especially in the animal, human and environmental health sectors. Starting from the joint vigilance, the concept of One Health was born. One health approach needs to involve cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary by integrating professional concepts in animal health and human health. The concept of one health comprehensively looks at the components related to the process of emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases so that the picture of the disease is more complete and makes it easier to overcome.

THE PROTECTIVENESS OF DOGS AND CATS POST RABIES VACCINATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA

A sudden increase of rabies cases in proprietary cats and dogs in Banjarbaru has been identified in recent years. We aim to identify the effectiveness of dog and cat rabies vaccinations in Banjarbaru and to determine the risk factors that influence it. Determination of sample size using the Epitools.ausvet calculation method obtained 153 dogs and cats post vaccination randomly. The ELISA method was used to determine the protective antibody titer of samples (≥0.5 IU/ml) against rabies. Other primary data used to determine risk factors that affect the level of protection against rabies in dogs and cats were obtained from interviews with respondents. The results of the ELISA test and interview data from respondents were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Linear regression analysis showed that the type of vaccine A (OR = 19.03), age (OR = 7.52) and frequency of vaccination (OR = 2.52) significantly affected protective antibody titers. Unweighted logistic regression analysis showed the factor associated together with the protectiveness is the frequency of vaccination (OR = 2.52). The protectiveness dog and cat against rabies is very low based on the constant value in linear regression of 0.17 IU / ml and logistic regression of 2.5 x 10-10%. Risk factors that affect the protectiveness of dog and cats against rabies are age (>1 years), type of vaccine (vaccine A) and frequency of vaccination (>1time). Repetition of vaccination is a priority action in increasing the effectiveness of vaccination.

CELL CULTURE AS THE MOST CERTAIN WAY OF DIAGNOSIS IN RABIES INFECTION

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. This disease is still widespread in the world and is a social and economic burden in many countries. Rabies is estimated to cause 60.000 human deaths annually in over 150 countries, with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia. Several countries in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, have become one of the endemic areas for rabies. The diagnosis of rabies infection in animals and humans can be made by histopathology, virus cultivation, serology, and virus antigen detection This paper discusses cell culture as a method in the diagnosis of rabies. This paper is a literature review through a literature search in scientific journals and research reports that explains the various studies on the isolation of Rabies virus in cell culture, cell types used, and the technique in diagnosing Rabies infection in cell culture. The diagnosis of rabies can be made by neuroblastoma cells, BHK-21 cell lines, HEK-293 cell lines, and others. It can be concluded that the diagnosis of Rabies virus can be done on several cell lines and needs to be followed by other tests. The nature of rabies disease dictates that laboratory tests be standardized, rapid, sensitive, specific, economical, and reliable.

DISTRIBUTION OF RABIES THAT INFECT HUMAN IN INDONESIA DURING ONE LAST DECADE

Rabies is a zoonosis that attacks the central nervous system with the ultimate goal of the central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord of warm-blooded animals and humans. The rabies virus is secreted with the saliva of infected animals and is transmitted through bites or licks on the skin injured by Animal Transmission Rabies (HPR), especially dogs, cats, and monkeys. This article is a literature review of the threat of distribution of rabies that infects humans in Indonesia in one last decade. Data collection is carried out through library research from reports of rabies cases during one last decade. Around the world, every year an estimated 24,000 people are bitten by dogs and other animals suffering from rabies. The first rabies case in Indonesia occurred in 1884. Reports of rabies cases in the last decade are still fluctuating. The average number of bite cases of rabies-carrying animals (GHPR) every year in humans in the past decade has been reported as many as 66,939 cases, and 50,065 cases (74.79%) of which get Anti-Rabies Vaccine (VAR). In the last report in 2019, the number of HPR bite cases was 100,826 cases and 67,625 cases (67%) received VAR. Until 2019, rabies is spread in 26 provinces in Indonesia. Mass vaccination as a method for controlling rabies has been known since 1920. Rabies vaccination is the most effective approach in controlling rabies in both animals and humans.

FUNGAL KERATITIS WITH CORNEAL ULCER IN FARMER

Fungal keratitis is an important cause of corneal blindness all over the world, especially in developing countries. Fungal Keratitis can diagnosis by slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination and culture is essential for early specific diagnosis and must be taken into consideration to establish the most effective treatment and avoid severe complications. The study was present a case of Fungal Keratitis in Farmer with a corneal ulcer caused by rice seeds corneal corpus allienum. A corneal ulcer is a complication was caused by ineffective therapy especially Steroid topical that should be avoided. The culture test result was C. Albicans and was treated with natamycin 5% Eye drops. Finally, patients have a good clinical response, however with the sequel of decreased visual acuity.

DETECTION OF BRUCELLOSIS IN IMPORTED DAIRY CATTLE DURING ANIMAL QUARANTINE

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease and caused by the bacterium Brucella sp. This disease is one of the infectious diseases that has spread throughout the world. Brucellosis is still an endemic disease in Indonesia with varying prevalence in various regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as many as 500,000 new cases of brucellosis appear every year so that it is considered the most common zoonotic disease in the world. Transmission to humans occurs mainly through direct contact with infected animals, drinking milk from infected animals, and breathing air contaminated by bacteria that cause brucellosis. The data used for the analysis is a report on income and quarantine actions on imported Australian cattle imported through Soekarno Hatta International Airport. Quarantine measures for 200 Frisian Holstein (FH) imported dairy cows were carried out from October 16, 2018, to November 15, 2018. Based on the Certificate of Health to Accompany Animals or Animal Reproductive, all cows were vaccinated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). On examination of brucellosis with the rose bengal test (RBT) method 3 positive samples were obtained so that the examination was continued with the complement fixation test (CFT) method. On CFT examination all samples showed negative results. Supervision and inspection of imported dairy cows against brucellosis are very important in order to anticipate the possibility of entry and spread of the disease from abroad. Animal Quarantine Technical Implementation Unit at the entrances must carry out supervision, inspection, and quarantine actions on the traffic of animals and their processed products which can act as a source of zoonotic transmission.

ORANGE PEEL AND JAVA SUGAR AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL DISINFECTANT IN COVID-19 PREVENTION EFFORTS IN THE TOBACCO FARMING AREA, COASTAL AREA, JEMBER DISTRICT

Jember Regency is one of those with a thriving agricultural sector. The main commodity produced by the agricultural sector of the tobacco district of Jember. However, the communities in the tobacco farming region tend to lack a knowledge level, especially in the COVID-19 case. This made the farmer less able to share COVID-19 with their children who were the generation of nations so that the children's knowledge of the farmer became inferior. In the time of new adaptation habits, communities needed a COVID-19 preventive and countermeasure measure by periodic self-infection. Because of restrictions on the use of chemical disinfectants, researchers replaced them with natural ingredients for the peel of an orange and sugar from Java. The purpose of this research is to empower societies to increase awareness, will, and ability in raising degrees of health by educating children early in life so that they can benefit themselves, their families, and their environment. The methods used in this research are descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results obtained from this study are an increased audience knowledge and skill in the making of natural disinfectant as one of the COVID-19 prevention efforts.

THE BACTERIA AND PARASITE PATTERNS IN FLIES DO NOT ASSOCIATE WITH THE PREVALENCE OF FLY VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES AT THE DAIRY FARM

The fly is the vector of several intestinal diseases. It can transmit pathogenic agents, including bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, as well as parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, and Giardia lamblia. The dairy farm is one of the sites where the flies are commonly found. This study analyzed the association of the bacteria and parasites pattern in flies and the prevalence of fly vector-borne diseases at the dairy farm. The fly samples were collected at the Rembangan Dairy Farm, and the bacteria and parasite were identified at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember. The prevalence data of fly vector-borne diseases were collected from the Public Health Centers around the study site as secondary data. Bacteria identification using selective media found only E. coli, but no parasite was observed in the samples. We found diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery as fly vector-borne diseases. Statistical analysis using chi-square resulted in p=0.072, meaning no significant association of the bacteria and parasites pattern in flies and the prevalence of fly vector-borne diseases at the dairy farm. The use of secondary data for disease prevalence could be a limitation of the study. Further study by directly examines the samples from fly vector-borne diseases is needed to draw a definite conclusion.