Serological Responses of Raccoons and Striped Skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012–2016

Since the 1990s, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has been used successfully to halt the westward spread of the raccoon rabies virus (RV) variant from the eastern continental USA. Elimination of raccoon RV from the eastern USA has proven challenging across targeted raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) populations impacted by raccoon RV. Field trial evaluations of the Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) were initiated to expand ORV products available to meet the rabies management goal of raccoon RV elimination. This study describes the continuation of a 2011 trial in West Virginia. Our objective was to evaluate raccoon and skunk response to ORV occurring in West Virginia for an additional two years (2012–2013) at 75 baits/km2 followed by three years (2014–2016) of evaluation at 300 baits/km2. We measured the change in rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in targeted wildlife populations by comparing levels pre- and post-ORV during each year of study. The increase in bait density from 75/km2 to 300/km2 corresponded to an increase in average post-ORV seroprevalence for raccoon and skunk populations. Raccoon population RVNA levels increased from 53% (300/565, 95% CI: 50–57%) to 82.0% (596/727, 95% CI: 79–85%) during this study, and skunk population RVNA levels increased from 11% (8/72, 95% CI: 6–20%) to 39% (51/130, 95% CI: 31–48%). The RVNA seroprevalence pre-ORV demonstrated an increasing trend across study years for both bait densities and species, indicating that multiple years of ORV may be necessary to achieve and maintain RVNA seroprevalence in target wildlife populations for the control and elimination of raccoon RV in the eastern USA.

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Survey of fox trappers in northern Alaska for rabies antibody

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800051554 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 137-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

E. H. Follmann ◽

D. G. Ritter ◽

M. Beller

Keyword(s):

Rabies Virus ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

World Health ◽

Antibody Concentration ◽

Alopex Lagopus ◽

Arctic Foxes ◽

Health Organization ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Northern Alaska ◽

Rabies Vaccination

SUMMARYThe purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern Alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In coastal Alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. Serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. All but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0·05 I.U./ml). Two of these had previously received rabies vaccine but one individual who had trapped for about 47 years with an estimated harvest of over 3000 foxes and who had never received pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccination had a rabies serum neutralizing antibody concentration of 2·30 I.U./ml. This represents the first report of an unvaccinated person acquiring rabies virus antibody with a titre above the 0·5 I.U./ml level considered acceptable by the World Health Organization.

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EFFECT OF HIGH-DENSITY ORAL RABIES VACCINE BAITING ON RABIES VIRUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Journal of Wildlife Diseases ◽

10.7589/2018-05-138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 399 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kerri Pedersen ◽

Amy T. Gilbert ◽

Eric S. Wilhelm ◽

Kathleen M. Nelson ◽

Amy J. Davis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Procyon Lotor ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

High Density ◽

Oral Rabies Vaccine

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No adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive GonaCon™ and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.026 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (51) ◽

pp. 7210-7213 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Scott C. Bender ◽

David L. Bergman ◽

Krista M. Wenning ◽

Lowell A. Miller ◽

Dennis Slate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Antibody Production ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Rabies Vaccine

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Research Progress of Rabies Vaccine

Journal of Applied Virology ◽

10.21092/jav.v1i1.9 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yunpeng Wang ◽

Shuyang Guo

Keyword(s):

Rabies Virus ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

Research Progress ◽

Oral Vaccination ◽

The Past ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Rabies Virus Infection ◽

Correct Application ◽

Rabies Vaccination

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by rabies virus. Lead to acute fatal encephalomyelitis after rabies virus infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals and human. The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease.Since the first development of a rabies vaccine by Pasteur in the late 19th century, second- and third-generation vaccines with improved efficacy and less reactogenicity have been developed for use in humans and animals. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture-derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies. Furthermore, oral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock. A number of experimental vaccines are under development. These include DNA vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines. Further testing is needed to determine if and which one of these novel vaccines will make their way into mass production and application in the future. This review provide an overview of the past, present and possible future of rabies vaccination.

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Serologic Response of 2 Versus 3 Doses and Intradermal Versus Intramuscular Administration of a Licensed Rabies Vaccine for Preexposure Prophylaxis

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz645 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 (9) ◽

pp. 1494-1498 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Timothy P Endy ◽

Paul B Keiser ◽

Dongliang Wang ◽

Richard G Jarman ◽

Don Cibula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Dose Schedule ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

World Health ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Health Organization ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Rabies Vaccination

Abstract Background The World Health Organization recommends intradermal (ID) administration of rabies vaccine for preexposure prophylaxis. Methods In a randomized trial in adults assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups (ID vs intramuscular [IM], 2 vs 3 doses, and controls), rabies neutralizing antibody titers were measured to 1 year postvaccination. Results ID vaccination produced acceptable antibody levels in all subjects (2- and 3-dose groups). At day 365, acceptable levels were 40% for IM and 50% for ID 2-dose schedule, and 70% for IM and 60% for ID 3-dose schedule. Conclusions ID rabies vaccination induces acceptable antibody titers at a fraction of the dose. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02374814.

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Antibodies against rabies virus in dogs with and without history of vaccination in Santa Maria - RS - Brazil

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170125 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karina Gonzalez Fernandes ◽

Mathias Martins ◽

Bruna Portolan Amaral ◽

Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti ◽

Rudi Weiblen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rabies Virus ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

World Health ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Santa Maria ◽

Rabies Vaccination

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the frequency and magnitude of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus (RABV) in dogs with and without historic of vaccination in Santa Maria/RS. Group A included serum samples from 440 dogs with recent historic of vaccination against rabies, obtained during the 2015 rabies vaccination campaign. Group B included 300 serum samples from dogs submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2015, whose historic of rabies vaccination was unknown. Serum samples were submitted to the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) to detect neutralizing antibodies against RABV. In group A, 70.6% (310/440) of the samples had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 international units per milliliter (IU mL-1), considered an indicative of protection against rabies by the World Health Organization. However, approximately 30% of the dogs did not contain antibodies in adequate levels. In group B, 42.3% (127/300) of the samples contained neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5IU mL-1 and 57.7% (173/300) were negative or contained titers below of the value considered immunized. These results demonstrate that an important proportion of vaccinated dogs (~30%) did not develop adequate antibody levels, mainly those receiving a single vaccine dose. Serologic testing of animals with unknown historic of vaccination revealed relatively low vaccine coverage in the general dog population. Thus, reformulation of immunization strategies - especially the recommendation of a boost vaccination 30 days after the primary dose - and extension of vaccination campaigns are necessary to reach adequate levels and coverage of immunity against RABV in the canine population.

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Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV, Verorab®): A Systematic Review of Intradermal Use Between 1985 and 2019

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed5010040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Moulenat ◽

Céline Petit ◽

Valérie Bosch Castells ◽

Guy Houillon

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Vero Cell ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Rabies Prevention ◽

Rabies Vaccination

The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) has been used in rabies prevention since 1985. Evolving rabies vaccination trends, including shorter intradermal (ID) regimens with reduced volume, along with WHO recommendation for ID administration has driven recent ID PVRV regimen assessments. Thus, a consolidated review comparing immunogenicity of PVRV ID regimens during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is timely and beneficial in identifying gaps in current research. A search of seven databases for studies published from 1985 to November 2019 identified 35 studies. PrEP was assessed in 10 studies (n = 926) with 1–3-site, 1–3-visit regimens of up to 3-months duration. Seroconversion (rabies virus neutralizing antibodies [RVNA] ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) rates of 90–100% were reported within weeks, irrespective of regimen, with robust booster responses at 1 year (100% seroconversion rates by day 14 post-booster). However, data are lacking for the current WHO-recommended, 2-site, 1-week ID PrEP regimen. PEP was assessed in 25 studies (n = 2136) across regimens of 1-week to 90-day duration. All ID PEP regimens assessed induced ≥ 99% seroconversion rates (except in HIV participants) by day 14–28. This review confirms ID PVRV suitability for rabies prophylaxis and highlights the heterogeneity of use in the field.

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Local Surveillance and Control of Raccoon Rabies Virus in Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Southwestern New Brunswick, Canada

Journal of Wildlife Diseases ◽

10.7589/2018-05-129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Michael R. Allan ◽

James P. Goltz ◽

Paul Turmel ◽

Tony Cole

Keyword(s):

New Brunswick ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Mephitis Mephitis ◽

Raccoon Rabies Virus ◽

And Control ◽

Striped Skunks

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Summer Movements and Impact of Individual Striped Skunks, Mephitis mephitis, on Duck Nests in Saskatchewan

The Canadian Field-Naturalist ◽

10.22621/cfn.v120i3.326 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 342

Author(s):

Serge Larivière ◽

Lyle R. Walton ◽

François Messier

Keyword(s):

Mephitis Mephitis ◽

Direct Function ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Striped Skunk ◽

Intensive Observations ◽

Males And Females ◽

Foraging Movements ◽

The Impact ◽

Striped Skunks ◽

Nesting Season

Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are important predators of duck eggs in the Canadian prairies. We estimated the impact of individual Striped Skunks on duck nests by intensive observations of foraging movements and depredation of duck nests in southern Saskatchewan, 1993-1994. Nightly, skunk movements were variable (range 0-20 km per night), and did not differ among seasons for females, or between males and females during the parturition/rearing season. Overall, nightly movement of Striped Skunks averaged 7.4 km for females (SD = 5.9 km, n = 20 females) and 6.7 km for males (SD = 3.2 km, n = 5 males). During 1,873 h of radio-tracking, we observed depredation of 10 duck nests by 8 skunks (7 F, 1 M). Using our observed estimate of one depredation for every 187 h, and averaged nightly activity of 8-10 h per night, we estimated that individual skunks find one duck nest every 19-23 nights. Thus, during the 60-day nesting season for ducks (mid-May to mid-July), individual skunks probably find 2-3 duck nests. These observations reinforce the growing evidence that, at normal duck nest densities (<2.5 nests/ha), depredation of eggs by Striped Skunks is opportunistic, and the impact of Striped Skunks on duck nests is a direct function of Striped Skunk abundance.

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