Coiled Tubing Horizontal Well Fracturing in the Low Young’s Modulus, Low Permeability Belridge Diatomite: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned

Fracture aperture of a fractured reservoir can be affected by both matrix elasticity and fracture compressibility when the reservoir pressure decreases, namely stress sensitivity. An elasticity parameter coupling Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio was introduced to reflect this geomechanical behavior, and a new model incorporating geomechanics was developed to analyze the flow behavior of a horizontal well in a naturally fractured reservoir. Pressure solutions for two cases—uniform-flux and infinite-conductivity—were derived, respectively. For the uniform-flux case, the effect of dimensionless elasticity parameter on the pressure-drop profile becomes stronger with continuing production, and the profile may be like a bow. Nine flow regimes can be observed on the transient response of the infinite-conductivity case. Stress sensitivity mainly affects the late-flow period and a larger dimensionless elasticity parameter causes a greater pressure drop. Due to stress sensitivity, the pressure derivative curve exhibits an upward tendency in the pseudo-radial flow regime, and the slope is greater than “1” in the pseudo-steady flow regime. For KT-I formation in the North Truva field, its elasticity parameter decreases with the increase of Young’s modulus or Poisson’s ratio and ranges from 8 × 10−8 Pa−1 to 1.1 × 10−7 Pa−1. Meanwhile, the transient response of H519 has a slight negative correlation with Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio in the pseudo-steady flow regime.

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Multistage Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Stimulation Using Coiled Tubing to Produce Marginal Reserves from Brownfield: Case Histories and Lessons Learned

10.2118/spe-172933-ms ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Amro Hassan ◽

Ahmed Abd ElMeguid ◽

Arshad Waheed ◽

Mohamed Salah ◽

Essam Abd ElKarim

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Fracturing ◽

Horizontal Well ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Western Desert ◽

Low Permeability ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Well Performance ◽

Artificial Lift ◽

Low Permeability Reservoirs

Abstract The Baharyia formation is a common reservoir in the Western Desert of Egypt. It is characterized as a heterogeneous reservoir with low sand quality. It is comprised of fine-grained sandstone, thin, laminated, sand-poor parasequences with shale interbeds. The heterogeneity and low permeability of the Upper Baharyia reservoirs are the primary challenges to maintaining economic well productivity. The interest in developing low permeability reservoirs stems from favorable economics attributed to advancements in horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology, offering methods to increase production by increasing the contact area of the producing interval. Subsequently, it became apparent that wellbore contact alone was not always sufficient for providing production increases expected, thus requiring multistage hydraulic fracturing (MSHF) stimulation treatments to achieve production targets. Primary well production analysis revealed that the cumulative production from the horizontal well discussed was enhanced from 37 to 70% of recoverable reserve and the recovery factor was doubled. From a production analogy standpoint, these resulted in reduced drilling of three vertical wells and had direct economic benefits by reducing the installed artificial lift strings, related expensive artificial lift equipment repairs, and the number of necessary workovers. This paper takes a multidisciplinary approach to help understand productivity enhancement of low permeability reservoirs in the Western Desert of Egypt, through a detailed analysis of well performance and successful implementation of MSHF in horizontal wells to maximize drainage volume around the well. It is intended to serve as guidelines to help operators facing similar challenges.

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Coiled Tubing Horizontal Well Fracturing in the Low Young's Modulus, Low Permeability Belridge Diatomite: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned

10.2118/spe-173365-ms ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Sahil Malhotra ◽

Tom Merrifield ◽

Cynthia Lynch ◽

Dave Larue ◽

Angela Madding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Well ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Water Soluble ◽

High Resistivity ◽

Hydraulic Fractures ◽

High Porosity ◽

Oil Saturation ◽

Vertical Well ◽

Coiled Tubing ◽

Well Stimulation

Abstract Coiled tubing fracturing has been successfully applied in multi-stage vertical well stimulation in the Belridge diatomite in the Lost Hills field. This same methodology was used to complete two northwest-trending horizontal wells drilled on the northeast flank of the Lost Hills anticlinal structure that targeted thinner higher oil-saturation strata, separated by thicker low oil-saturation intervals. The target reservoir is comprised of high porosity, low matrix permeability Opal A diatomite. The perforations were jetted by pumping sand slurry down the coiled tubing and the frac job was pumped down the annulus. The stages were isolated by setting sand plugs. Nine and twelve stages were pumped in the two wells respectively. The perforation locations for different stages were selected in areas with: 1) high resistivity and inferred high oil saturations, 2) absence of hydraulic fractures from nearby wells, 3) excellent cement bonding, and 4) low intensity of natural fractures. These assessments followed logging while drilling (LWD) gamma ray, induction resistivity and azimuthally focused resistivity (image) logs and cased-hole ultrasonic image tool (USIT) run with the aid of a tractor. The hydraulic fractures were monitored using surface tiltmeter sensors. Oil and water soluble tracers were pumped to determine the relative production contribution from the stages and fracture fluid cleanup, respectively, from the stages. All the jobs could be successfully pumped without any screen outs. Challenges were faced in setting sand plugs and isolating stages. Large fracture widths and low leak-off into the formation led to difficulty in forming sand bridges at the perforations and concentrating sand in the wellbore for the plugs. Surface tiltmeters showed excessive fracture height growth. Tracer results showed that 20-30% of the stages contributed to 50-60% of the production. Stages with higher treating pressures contributed less towards production. This could be attributed to near wellbore tortuosity in these stages. Proppant flowback was encountered in one well, and after an effective clean up the production rose. The study illustrates how integration of various aspects such as completion design, fracture pressure analysis and diagnostics combined with geologic and reservoir information can help in identifying challenges and finding potential solutions of hydraulic fracturing. The findings highlight that the technology most suitable for vertical well stimulation might not be favorable for horizontal well stimulation.

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Multistage Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Stimulation Using Coiled Tubing to Produce Marginal Reserves from Brownfield: Case Histories and Lessons Learned

10.2118/172933-ms ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Amro Ahmad Hassan ◽

Ahmed Ali Mohamed Abdel Meguid ◽

Sayed Arshad Waheed ◽

Mohamed Salah ◽

Essam Abdel Karim

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Fracturing ◽

Horizontal Well ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Case Histories ◽

Coiled Tubing

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Young's modulus

AccessScience ◽

10.1036/1097-8542.753700 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Young’S Modulus ◽

Young's Modulus

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CHANGE OF YOUNG'S MODULUS DURING STRUCTURAL RELAXATION IN AMORPHOUS FeB, FeNiB, FeNiP AND FeNiPB

Le Journal de Physique Colloques ◽

10.1051/jphyscol:1985889 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 46 (C8) ◽

pp. C8-561-C8-565

Author(s):

E. Huizer ◽

A. van den Beukel

Keyword(s):

Young’S Modulus ◽

Structural Relaxation ◽

Young's Modulus

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Mechanical properties of FeAlSi powders prepared by mechanical alloying from different initial feedstock materials

Matériaux & Techniques ◽

10.1051/mattech/2018063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 107 (2) ◽

pp. 207 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jaroslav Čech ◽

Petr Haušild ◽

Miroslav Karlík ◽

Veronika Kadlecová ◽

Jiří Čapek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Young’S Modulus ◽

Milling Time ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Element Model ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Powder Particles ◽

Complete Homogenization

FeAl20Si20 (wt.%) powders prepared by mechanical alloying from different initial feedstock materials (Fe, Al, Si, FeAl27) were investigated in this study. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation techniques were used to analyze microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties (hardness and Young’s modulus). Finite element model was developed to account for the decrease in measured values of mechanical properties of powder particles with increasing penetration depth caused by surrounding soft resin used for embedding powder particles. Progressive homogenization of the powders’ microstructure and an increase of hardness and Young’s modulus with milling time were observed and the time for complete homogenization was estimated.

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Degradation of Rocks, Through Cracking Caused by Differential Thermal Expansion, in Relation to Nuclear Waste Repositories

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-6-d355 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.R. Mclaren ◽

R.W. Davidge ◽

I. Titchell ◽

K. Sincock ◽

A. Bromley

Keyword(s):

Thermal Expansion ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Young’S Modulus ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Crack Density ◽

Granitic Rocks ◽

Multiphase Materials ◽

Thermal Expansion Behaviour ◽

Waste Repositories ◽

Expansion Behaviour

ABSTRACTHeating to temperatures up to 500°C, gives a reduction in Young's modulus and increase in permeability of granitic rocks and it is likely that a major reason is grain boundary cracking. The cracking of grain boundary facets in polycrystalline multiphase materials showing anisotropic thermal expansion behaviour is controlled by several microstructural factors in addition to the intrinsic thermal and elastic properties. Of specific interest are the relative orientations of the two grains meeting at the facet, and the size of the facet; these factors thus introduce two statistical aspects to the problem and these are introduced to give quantitative data on crack density versus temperature. The theory is compared with experimental measurements of Young's modulus and permeability for various rocks as a function of temperature. There is good qualitative agreement, and the additional (mainly microstructural) data required for a quantitative comparison are defined.

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Novel Coiled Tubing Perforation Approach Enables Efficient Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Operations in a Horizontal Well in Oman

10.2523/18735-ms ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Al-Ghaithi ◽

Fahad Alawi ◽

Ernest Sayapov ◽

Ehab Ibrahim ◽

Najet Aouchar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Fracturing ◽

Horizontal Well ◽

Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing ◽

Coiled Tubing

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Is it necessary to calculate Young’s modulus in AFM nanoindentation experiments regarding biological samples?

Micro and Nanosystems ◽

10.2174/1876402912666200214123734 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

S.V. Kontomaris ◽

A. Malamou ◽

A. Stylianou

Keyword(s):

Young’S Modulus ◽

Biological Samples ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Nonlinear Behavior ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Accurate Solution ◽

Hertz Model ◽

Work Done

Background: The determination of the mechanical properties of biological samples using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) at the nanoscale is usually performed using basic models arising from the contact mechanics theory. In particular, the Hertz model is the most frequently used theoretical tool for data processing. However, the Hertz model requires several assumptions such as homogeneous and isotropic samples and indenters with perfectly spherical or conical shapes. As it is widely known, none of these requirements are 100 % fulfilled for the case of indentation experiments at the nanoscale. As a result, significant errors arise in the Young’s modulus calculation. At the same time, an analytical model that could account complexities of soft biomaterials, such as nonlinear behavior, anisotropy, and heterogeneity, may be far-reaching. In addition, this hypothetical model would be ‘too difficult’ to be applied in real clinical activities since it would require very heavy workload and highly specialized personnel. Objective: In this paper a simple solution is provided to the aforementioned dead-end. A new approach is introduced in order to provide a simple and accurate method for the mechanical characterization at the nanoscale. Method: The ratio of the work done by the indenter on the sample of interest to the work done by the indenter on a reference sample is introduced as a new physical quantity that does not require homogeneous, isotropic samples or perfect indenters. Results: The proposed approach, not only provides an accurate solution from a physical perspective but also a simpler solution which does not require activities such as the determination of the cantilever’s spring constant and the dimensions of the AFM tip. Conclusion: The proposed, by this opinion paper, solution aims to provide a significant opportunity to overcome the existing limitations provided by Hertzian mechanics and apply AFM techniques in real clinical activities.

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