Maximizing Injection Performance Through Fit-for-Purpose Dynamic Underbalance Perforation Using Unconventional Gun System in Offshore Well, Sarawak, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Aula A'akif Fadzil ◽  
Nik Fazril Ain Sapian ◽  
Fuziana Tusimin ◽  
Latief Riyanto Latief Riyanto ◽  
Shazana M Zaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empty Space ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Pressure Transmission ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Offshore Development ◽  
Gun Firing ◽  
Firing System

Abstract The perforation strategy of Dynamic Underbalance (DUB) created the surging effect to remove debris from the perforation tunnels, thus reducing skin for optimal injectivity in this offshore development water injector well in Malay Basin, Offshore Sarawak. The objective was to inject up to 18,000 bwpd for pressure maintenance purposes. In the design phase, perforation software was used to perform the simulation iterations by sensitizing on the number of empty tubing conveyed perforation (TCP) gun chambers added at the top and bottom of perforation intervals. However, due to small gun size (4-½ in.), limited rat hole length and high static underbalance (1,000 psig), the desired amount of DUB using conventional empty gun volume only was not possible to be achieved. As a result, an innovative approach using two Pressure Operated Tester Valves (POTV's) was proposed, to create additional empty space inside the tubular between the POTVs above the packer. However, this created additional challenges which had to be overcome. Presence of empty tubulars in between the POTVs prevented the required hydraulic pressure transmission through the tubulars to activate the perforation guns via normal hydraulic TCP firing head. Therefore, a specialized firing system was required, which consisted of an acoustic communication system triggering downhole electronics to actuate a standard TCP firing head (Top-Fire Dual) - a first for this type of firing head. The POTV was activated by applying a pre-set annular pressure. Opening lower POTV, after the perforation fired, will create the required DUB surge, around 1,000 psi, which help cleaning up the perforation tunnels. Downhole fast gauges (recording in microseconds range) were run as part of the assembly to measure and to confirm the created DUB effect. Both fast gauges as well as acoustic gauges confirmed that 300 psi DUB was created upon gun firing and around 1,000 psi surging was achieved after the two POTVs were opened. Maximum losses recorded at 525 gallons per minute were observed following perforation. The well's injectivity performance was evaluated by performing step rate test and the result confirmed the well was able to meet higher injection rate than the plan.

Study of the influence of nozzle seat type on injection rate and spray behaviour

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Bermúdez ◽  
R Payri ◽  
F J Salvador ◽  
A H Plazas
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Spray Cone ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Steady Flow Test

A deep analysis of the injection rate characteristics and spray behaviour of the most used nozzle types in diesel engines [microSAC and valve covered orifice (VCO)] has been carried out. In order to compare the injection characteristics and the spray behaviour of both nozzle types, several experimental installations were used, such as the steady flow test rig, injection rate test rig, spray momentum test rig, and nitrogen test rig, to obtain a full hydrodynamic and spray characterization. The study of the flow in both nozzles was analysed under steady flow conditions in the steady flow test rig and in real unsteady flow conditions in the injection rate test rig and the spray momentum test rig. The macroscopic properties of the spray (tip penetration and spray cone angle) were characterized using a high-pressure test rig. From the point of view of the internal flow behaviour, the results showed interesting differences in the permeability of both nozzle geometries, with a higher discharge coefficient in the microSAC nozzle. However, from the point of view of air entrainment, the results showed a better quality of fuel-air mixing in the VCO nozzle. Besides the evidence from the experimental results, a theoretical analysis was carried out in order to identify the most important parameters that determine the spray behaviour and thus justify the different macroscopic behaviour of both nozzles.

scholarly journals Parametric Study of Injection Rates With Solenoid Injectors in an Injection Quantity and Rate Measuring Device

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Busch ◽  
Paul C. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Injection Quantity ◽  
Main Injection ◽  
Fast Acting ◽  
Measuring Unit ◽  
Injection Rates

A Moehwald HDA (HDA is a German acronym: Hydraulischer Druckanstieg: hydraulic pressure increase) injection quantity and rate measuring unit is used to investigate injection rates obtained with a fast-acting, preproduction diesel solenoid injector. Experimental parametric variations are performed to determine their impact on measured injection rate traces. A pilot–main injection strategy is investigated for various dwell times; these preproduction injectors can operate with very short dwell times with distinct pilot and main injection events. Dwell influences the main injection rate shape. A comparison between a diesel-like fuel and a gasoline-like fuel shows that injection rates are comparable for a single injection but dramatically different for multiple injections with short dwells.

Novel Sand Conglomeration Treatment Prevents Sand Production and Enhances Well Productivity: Offshore Caspian Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Kalabayev ◽  
Ekaterina Sukhova ◽  
Gadam Rovshenov ◽  
Guvanch Gurbanov ◽  
Joel Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Rate ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Sand Production ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Unconsolidated Sand ◽  
Equipment Failures ◽  
Rate Test

Abstract Many oil producing wells, globally, experience sand production problems when reservoir rock consists of unconsolidated sand. Several wells in the Dzheitune oil field are experiencing a similar challenge. Production of formation fines and sand has caused accumulation of fill and wellbore equipment failures and has necessitated periodical and costly coiled tubing-assisted wellbore cleanout operations. A novel chemical treatment tested in the oil field to tackle the challenge led to positive results. A well with a relatively short target perforation interval was selected as a candidate for the trial sand conglomeration treatment to avoid any uncertainties related to zone coverage. Pre-requisite sand agglomeration and chemical-crude oil compatibility laboratory studies were carried out to optimize the main system and preflush fluid formulations. Once the laboratory testing was complete, a step-rate test was performed to determine the maximum injection rate below formation fracturing pressure. The chemical systems were prepared using standard blending equipment. The preflush fluid was injected to prepare the treated zone. The main fluid was then injected into the reservoir in several cycles at matrix rate by a bullheading process. Upon completion of the treatment, the well was shut in for several days for optimal agglomeration (conglomeration) before the well was slowly put on production. A long-term increase in the productivity index and sand-free flow rate with no damage to the wellbore or the reservoir were observed. The technology demonstrated its efficiency in preventing and controlling sand production; avoiding frequent, time-consuming, costly wellbore cleanout operations; and producing hydrocarbons at reduced drawdown pressure.

scholarly journals Designing a Firing Control System on S-60 57mm Cannon

ELKHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Kurnia Gunadi As'ad ◽  
Rachmad Setiawan ◽  
Moch Rameli
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Distance Ratio ◽  
Command Input ◽  
Gun Firing ◽  
Firing System ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The firing system on the S-60 57mm cannon uses the foot of the cannon crew, which is very dangerous with the position of the crew on top of the cannon when firing. So, a firing system that can be remotely controlled by a computer is required. The design of the S-60 57mm gun firing control system uses a personal computer (PC) as the firing command input, with data communication using WiFi received by the Atmega8535 microcontroller as a voltage regulator for solenoids. The solenoid has a tensile force to drive the hydraulic system where the actuator functions to drive the firing cylinder. Accelero sensor MMA7361, as a variable controller in firing, provides input data simulating the tilt position of the cannon, the position of the 0g sensor is simulated by the cannon in a balanced position. From the test results, there is a difference in sensor designation data with arc angles i.e., angle X by 2.83 degrees and angle Y by 1.86 degrees. The magnetic field produced by the solenoid 0.53 T can attract a maximum load of 20 kg. By changing the distance ratio of mechanical lever to 39.11 cm and 8.89 cm, the solenoid can drive an 88-kg firing cylinder.

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