scholarly journals The Influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽  
Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri ◽  
Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽  
Katharina Kreppel
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

Abstract Background: Undernutrition poses a serious health challenge in developing countries and Tanzania has the highest undernutrition burden of Eastern and Southern Africa. Here we examined to what extent dietary diversity is associated with undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Methods: Using existing data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2015-2016, we carried out secondary data analysis. Stunting, Wasting and Underweight of the surveyed children were calculated from Z-scores based on 2006 WHO standards. A composite dietary diversity score was created by summing the number of food groups reported for each child by the mother ranging from 0 to 7. Then, minimum dietary diversity (MDD) of 4 food groups out of seven was used to assess the diversity of the diet given to children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess the crude and adjusted odds ratios of undernutrition. Results: A total of 2,960 children were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of stunting was 31%, wasting 6% and underweight 14%. Among all children, 51% were female and 49% male. The majority (74%) of children did not reach the MDD. The most commonly consumed types of foods were grains, roots and tubers (91%), and Vitamin A containing fruits and vegetables (65%). Consumption of a diverse diet was significantly associated with a reduction of stunting, wasting and being underweight in children. The likelihood of being stunted, wasted and underweight was found to decrease as the number of food groups consumed increased. Children who did not received the MDD had a significantly higher likelihood of being stunted (AOR=1.37, 95% CI; 1.13-1.65) and underweight (AOR=1.49, 95% CI; 1.15-1.92), but this was not the case for wasting. Consumption of animal-source foods has been found to be associated with reduced stunting among children. Conclusion: Consumption of a diverse diet is associated with a reduction in undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Measures to improve the type of complementary foods in order to meet the energy and nutritional demands of children should be considered in Tanzania.

scholarly journals The Influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽  
Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri ◽  
Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽  
Katharina Kreppel
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

Abstract Background Undernutrition poses a serious health challenge in developing countries. Tanzania has the highest undernutrition burdens in East and Southern Africa. Poor infant and young child feeding practices including consumption of undiversified diet are the main cause for undernutrition. There is limited information regarding the association between dietary diversity and undernutrition in Tanzania. The objective of this paper was to examine to what extent the dietary diversity is associated with undernutrition of children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania.Methods This is a secondary data analysis from data collected by the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2015-2016. Stunting, wasting and underweight were calculated from Z-scores based on 2006 WHO standards. A dietary diversity score was created by summing the number of food groups reported for each child by the mother ranging from 0 to 7. Then, a Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) indicator was used to assess the diversity of the diet given to children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess the odds ratios of becoming undernourished.Results A total of 2,960 children were enrolled in this study. The majority (73.9%) of children did not reach the recommended Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD). The most commonly consumed types of foods were grains, roots and tubers (91%), and Vitamin A containing fruits and vegetables (65%). Consumption of a diverse diet was significantly associated with a reduction of stunting, wasting and being underweight in children. The likelihood of being stunted, wasted and underweight was found to decrease as the number of food group consumed increased. Children who did not received an MDD diet had a significantly higher likelihood of being stunted (AOR=1.37, 95% CI; 1.13-1.65) and underweight (AOR=1.49, 95% CI; 1.15-1.92), but this was not the case for wasting. Consumption of animal source foods has been found to be associated with reduced stunting among children.Conclusion Consumption of a diverse diet was associated with a reduction in undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Measures to improve the type of complementary foods in order to meet the energy and nutritional demands of children should be considered in Tanzania.

scholarly journals The Influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽  
Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri ◽  
Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽  
Katharina Kreppel
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Child Feeding Practices ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Abstract Background:Undernutrition poses a serious health challenge in developing countries and Tanzania has the highest undernutrition burden of Eastern and Southern Africa. Poor infant and young child feeding practices have been identified as the main causes for undernutrition. Here we examined to what extent dietary diversity is associated with undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Methods: Using existing data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2015-2016, we carried out secondary data analysis. Stunting, wasting and underweight were calculated based on 2006 WHO standards. A composite dietary diversity score was created by summing the number of food groups eaten the previous day as reported for each child by the mother ranging from 0 to 7. Then, minimum dietary diversity (MDD) of 4 food groups out of seven was used to assess the diversity of the diet given to children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess the crude and adjusted odds ratios of stunting, wasting and being underweight. Results: A total of 2,960 children were enrolled in this study. The majority (74%) of children did not reach the MDD. The most commonly consumed types of foods were grains, roots and tubers (91%), and Vitamin A containing fruits and vegetables (65%). Consumption of a diverse diet was significantly associated with a reduction of stunting, wasting and being underweight in children. The likelihood of being stunted, wasted and underweight was found to decrease as the number of food groups consumed increased. Children who did not receive the MDD had a significantly higher likelihood of being stunted (AOR=1.37, 95% CI; 1.13-1.65) and underweight (AOR=1.49, 95% CI; 1.15-1.92), but this was not the case for wasting. Consumption of animal-source foods has been found to be associated with reduced stunting among children. Conclusion: Consumption of a diverse diet is associated with a reduction in undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Measures to improve the type of complementary foods in order to meet the energy and nutritional demands of children should be considered in Tanzania.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽  
Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri ◽  
Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽  
Katharina Kreppel
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Abstract Background Undernutrition poses a serious health challenge in developing countries and Tanzania has the highest undernutrition burden of Eastern and Southern Africa. Poor infant and young child feeding practices have been identified as the main causes for undernutrition. As dietary diversity is a major requirement if children are to get all essential nutrients, it can thus be used as one of the core indicators when assessing feeding practices and nutrition of children. Therefore, adequate information on the association between dietary diversity and undernutrition to identify potential strategies for the prevention of undernutrition is critical. Here we examined to what extent dietary diversity is associated with undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Methods Using existing data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2015–2016, we carried out secondary data analysis. Stunting, Wasting and Underweight of the surveyed children were calculated from Z-scores of Height-for-age (HAZ), Weight-for-height (WHZ) and Weight-for-age (WAZ) based on 2006 WHO standards. A composite dietary diversity score was created by summing the number of food groups eaten the previous day as reported for each child by the mother ranging from 0 to 7. Then, minimum dietary diversity (MDD) of 4 food groups out of seven was used to assess the diversity of the diet given to children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess the crude and adjusted odds ratios of stunting, wasting and being underweight. Results A total of 2960 children were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of stunting was 31%, wasting 6% and underweight 14%. Among all children, 51% were female and 49% male. The majority (74%) of children did not reach the MDD. The most commonly consumed types of foods were grains, roots and tubers (91%), and Vitamin A containing fruits and vegetables (65%). The remaining food groups were reported to be consumed by a much lower proportion of children, including eggs (7%), meat and fish (36%), milk and dairy products (22%), as well as legumes and nuts (35%), and other vegetables (21%). Consumption of a diverse diet was significantly associated with a reduction of stunting, wasting and being underweight in children. The likelihood of being stunted, wasted and underweight was found to decrease as the number of food groups consumed increased. Children who did not receive the MDD had a significantly higher likelihood of being stunted (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI; 1.13–1.65) and underweight (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI; 1.15–1.92), but this was not the case for wasting. Consumption of animal-source foods has been found to be associated with reduced stunting among children. Conclusion Consumption of a diverse diet is associated with a reduction in undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Measures to improve the type of complementary foods in order to meet the energy and nutritional demands of children should be considered in Tanzania.

scholarly journals Implications of Updating the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Children Indicator for Tracking Progress in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽  
Yunhee Kang ◽  
Kudakwashe Chimanya ◽  
Aashima Garg ◽  
Joan Matji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

ABSTRACT Minimum dietary diversity (MDD), a population-level dietary quality indicator, is commonly used across low- and middle-income countries to characterize diets of children aged 6–23 mo. The WHO and UNICEF recently updated the MDD definition from consumption of ≥4 of 7 food groups in the previous 24 h (MDD-7) to ≥5 of 8 food groups (MDD-8), adding a breastmilk group. The implications of this definition change were examined across 14 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa where improving complementary feeding is a policy priority. A lower MDD-8 score was found compared with MDD-7 across all countries; in 3 countries the difference between indicators was >5 percentage points. Country-level variability is driven by differences in breastfeeding rates and dietary diversity score. As countries transition to the new indicator it is important to actively publicize changes and to promote valid interpretation of MDD trends.

scholarly journals Dietary Variation among Children Meeting and Not Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity: An Empirical Investigation of Food Group Consumption Patterns among 73,036 Children in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (10) ◽  
pp. 2818-2824
Author(s):  
Jacob P Beckerman-Hsu ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
Smriti Sharma ◽  
S V Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

ABSTRACT Background Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is a widely used indicator of adequate dietary micronutrient density for children 6–23 mo old. MDD food-group data remain underutilized, despite their potential for further informing nutrition programs and policies. Objectives We aimed to describe the diets of children meeting MDD and not meeting MDD in India using food group data, nationally and subnationally. Methods Food group data for children 6–23 mo old (n = 73,036) from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey in India were analyzed. Per WHO standards, children consuming ≥5 of the following food groups in the past day or night met MDD: breast milk; grains, roots, or tubers; legumes or nuts; dairy; flesh foods; eggs; vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and vegetables. Children not meeting MDD consumed <5 food groups. We analyzed the number and types of foods consumed by children meeting MDD and not meeting MDD at the national and subnational geographic levels. Results Nationally, children not meeting MDD most often consumed breast milk (84.5%), grains, roots, and tubers (62.0%), and/or dairy (42.9%). Children meeting MDD most often consumed grains, roots, and tubers (97.6%), vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables (93.8%), breast milk (84.1%), dairy (82.1%), other fruits and vegetables (79.5%), and/or eggs (56.5%). For children not meeting MDD, district-level dairy consumption varied the most (6.4%–79.9%), whereas flesh foods consumption varied the least (0.0%–43.8%). For children meeting MDD, district-level egg consumption varied the most (0.0%–100.0%), whereas grains, roots, and tubers consumption varied the least (66.8%–100.0%). Conclusions Children not meeting MDD had low fruit, vegetable, and protein-rich food consumption. Many children meeting MDD also had low protein-rich food consumption. Examining the number and types of foods consumed highlights priorities for children experiencing the greatest dietary deprivation, providing valuable complementary information to MDD.

scholarly journals Optimal Household Water Access Fosters the Attainment of Minimum Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Malawi

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Zizwani Brian Chilinda ◽  
Mark L. Wahlqvist ◽  
Meei-Shyuan Lee ◽  
Yi-Chen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

Along with sanitation and hygiene, water is a well-known driver of child undernutrition. However, a more direct role of household (HH) water access in shaping dietary diversity remains unexplored. We assessed the association between HH water access and achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among young children. We utilized nationally-representative cross-sectional data from the 2015/16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which included 4727 mother–child dyads, respectively, (26.8 ± 6.8 years, range 15–49 years) and (13.9 ± 4.9 months, range 6–23 months). HH water access was categorized as (1) basic or no access, (2) intermediate, or (3) optimal. MDD was defined as feeding a child, during the previous day, at least four of the food groups defined by the World Health Organization. Only 27.7% of the children achieved MDD standards; most of the children who achieved MDD were from HHs with optimal water access (58.4%, p < 0.001). However, only 5.9% of the mother–child dyads were from HHs with optimal water access. After adjusting for covariates, children from HHs with optimal water access had higher odds of achieving MDD than those from HHs with basic or no water access (aOR = 1.74, CI = 1.24–2.46). Our results highlight the need to incorporate water-based strategies into national nutritional policies to increase dietary diversity among Malawian infants and young children.

scholarly journals Cash transfers and child nutritional outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e003621
Author(s):  
James Manley ◽  
Yarlini Balarajan ◽  
Shahira Malm ◽  
Luke Harman ◽  
Jessica Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCash transfer (CT) programmes are implemented widely to alleviate poverty and provide safety nets to vulnerable households with children. However, evidence on the effects of CTs on child health and nutrition outcomes has been mixed. We systematically reviewed evidence of the impact of CTs on child nutritional status and selected proximate determinants.MethodsWe searched articles published between January 1997 and September 2018 using Agris, Econlit, Eldis, IBSS, IDEAS, IFPRI, Google Scholar, PubMed and World Bank databases. We included studies using quantitative impact evaluation methods of CTs with sample sizes over 300, targeted to households with children under 5 years old conducted in countries with gross domestic product per capita below US$10 000 at baseline. We conducted meta-analysis using random-effects models to assess the impact of CT programmes on selected child nutrition outcomes and meta-regression analysis to examine the association of programme characteristics with effect sizes.ResultsOut of 2862 articles identified, 74 articles were eligible for inclusion. We find that CTs have significant effects of 0.03±0.03 on height-for-age z-scores (p<0.03) and a decrease of 2.1% in stunting (95% CI −3.5% to −0.7%); consumption of animal-source foods (4.5%, 95% CI 2.9% to 6.0%); dietary diversity (0.73, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.19) and diarrhoea incidence (−2.7%, 95% CI −5.4% to −0.0%; p<0.05). The effects of CTs on weight-for-age z-scores and wasting were not significant (0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.08; p<0.42) and (1.2%, 95% CI: −0.1% to 2.5%; p<0.07), respectively. We found that specific programme characteristics differentially modified the effect on the nutrition outcomes studied.ConclusionWe found that CT programmes targeted to households with young children improved linear growth and contributed to reduced stunting. We found that the likely pathways were through increased dietary diversity, including through the increased consumption of animal-source foods and reduced incidence of diarrhoea. With heightened interest in nutrition-responsive social protection programmes to improve child nutrition, we make recommendations to inform the design and implementation of future programmes.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Geographic Pattern of Food Consumption and Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months Old in Ghana

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Isaac Anane ◽  
Fengying Nie ◽  
Jiaqi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dairy Consumption

Dietary inadequacy is a major challenge among young children in Ghana. Nutritional policies are required for optimum child nutrition and development. This study explored food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status and geographical location among children aged 6–23 months in Ghana. We used the latest national representative, cross-sectional data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS-2014). A total of 887 children aged 6–23 months were used in the final analysis. The survey collected data on children’s food consumption through their mothers in the 24 h recall method. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status and geographical location with food consumption and adequate dietary diversity after adjusting for control variables. The study revealed an association between specific food item consumption, food groups, and dietary diversity by socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. However, dairy consumption increased faster than other nutritional foods when socioeconomic status increased. Furthermore, the study revealed that children’s chances of consuming particular food items and food groups differed across Ghana’s 10 regions. The average probabilities of consuming adequate dietary diversity between the Greater Accra region and Ashanti region were 43% vs. 8% (p < 0.001). Consumption of grains, root, and tubers were relatively higher but low for Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and legumes and nuts for children aged 6–23 months in Ghana. Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (3.39; 95% CI: 3.30–3.49) out of eight food groups, and the prevalence of adequate dietary diversity was 22% only. There is a need for policy interventions to ensure appropriate dietary practices to promote healthy growth of children.

scholarly journals Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
NP Steyn ◽  
JH Nel ◽  
G Nantel ◽  
G Kennedy ◽  
D Labadarios
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Food Variety ◽  
The Mean

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether a food variety score (FVS) and/or a dietary diversity score (DDS) are good indicators of nutrient adequacy of the diet of South African children.MethodsSecondary data analyses were undertaken with nationally representative data of 1–8-year-old children (n = 2200) studied in the National Food Consumption Study in 1999. An average FVS (mean number of different food items consumed from all possible items eaten) and DDS (mean number of food groups out of nine possible groups) were calculated. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) is the ratio of a subject's nutrient intake to the estimated average requirement calculated using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2002) recommended nutrient intakes for children. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as the sum of NARs for all evaluated nutrients divided by the number of nutrients evaluated, expressed as a percentage. MAR was used as a composite indicator for micronutrient adequacy. Pearson correlation coefficients between FVS, DDS and MAR were calculated and also evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, with MAR taken as the ideal standard of adequate intake. The relationships between MAR and DDS and between anthropometric Z-scores and DDS were also evaluated.ResultsThe children had a mean FVS of 5.5 (standard deviation (SD) 2.5) and a mean DDS of 3.6 (SD 1.4). The mean MAR (ideal = 100%) was 50%, and was lowest (45%) in the 7–8-year-old group. The items with the highest frequency of consumption were from the cereal, roots and tuber group (99.6%), followed by the ‘other group’ (87.6%) comprising items such as tea, sugar, jam and sweets. The dairy group was consumed by 55.8%, meat group by 54.1%, fats by 38.9%, other vegetables by 30.8%, vitamin-A-rich by 23.8%, other fruit by 22%, legumes and nuts by 19.7% and eggs by 13.3%. There was a high correlation between MAR and both FVS (r = 0.726; P < 0.0001) and DDS (r = 0.657; P < 0.0001), indicating that either FVS or DDS can be used as an indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet. Furthermore, MAR, DDS and FVS showed significant correlations with height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores, indicating a strong relationship between dietary diversity and indicators of child growth. A DDS of 4 and an FVS of 6 were shown to be the best indicators of MAR less than 50%, since they provided the best sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionEither FVS or DDS can be used as a simple and quick indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet.

scholarly journals Dietary Practices of Men in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 549-549
Author(s):  
Malay Mridha ◽  
Abu Ahmed Shamim ◽  
Md Mokbul Hossain ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Abu Abdullah Mohammad Hanif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables Intake ◽  
Slum Areas

Abstract Objectives Bangladesh has a paucity of information about the dietary practices of adult men. In the recently completed round of the national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we explored the dietary practices of adult men and factors associated with insufficient dietary diversity (IDD) and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. Methods In the NNS, between October 2018 and 2019, we collected data from from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban, and 10 slums) selected using multistage cluster sampling. In these clusters we interviewed and took physical measurements of 4904 20–59 years old men (3471 in rural, 832 in urban, and 601 in slum). We used minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) questionnaire to collect dietary data. IDD was defined as consumption of &lt; 5 food groups out of 10 food groups, and insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was defined as consumption of &lt; 5 servings of fruits and vegetables in the past 24 hours. Results The prevalence of IDD was 53% (54% in rural, 42% in non-slum urban, and 56% in slum areas) among the adult men. In the past 24 hours, 73% consumed meat/fish/poultry, 28% consumed eggs, and 22% consumed dairy products. The consumption of dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A rich fuits and vegetables, other vegetables, other fruits was 34%, 22%, 73%, and 37%, respectively. Among the respondents, 27% had savory snacks, 52% had sweets, and 75% had sugary drinks. The prevalence of insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was 86% (83% in rural, 92% in non-slum urban and 93% in slum areas). IDD was associated with education (partial secondary education: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.67, P &lt; 0.001; ≥10 years of schooling: AOR 0.48, P &lt; 0.001), and sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables (AOR 0.82, P = 0.022). On the other hand, insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was associated with IDD (AOR 1.23, P = 0.014), hypertension (AOR 0.77, P = 0.020) and adequate physical activity (AOR 0.46, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions More than half of the men aged 20–59 years consume an inadequately diversified diet in Bangladesh and 86% had insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. This study identified a number of factors associated with IDD, and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. The government of Bangladesh should address them while developing interventions to improve nutrition. Funding Sources Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh.

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