scholarly journals Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bečvář ◽  
Padet Siriyasatien ◽  
Paul Bates ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Jovana Sádlová
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Lutzomyia Migonei

Abstract BackgroundLeishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which is now divided into 4 subgenera – L. (Leishmania), L. (Viannia), L. (Sauroleishmania) and L. (Mundinia). Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species - L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and unnamed L. sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. MethodsExperimental infections of guinea-pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 107 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weakly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post infection using Lutzomyia migonei. The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post mortem by conventional PCR.ResultsNo significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and L. sp. from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation.ConclusionsAccording to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms.

scholarly journals Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bečvář ◽  
Padet Siriyasatien ◽  
Paul Bates ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Jovana Sádlová
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Lutzomyia Migonei

Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania , which is now divided into 4 subgenera – L. (Leishmania) , L. (Viannia) , L. (Sauroleishmania) and L. (Mundinia) . Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species - L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis , L. orientalis and unnamed L . sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. Methods: Experimental infections of guinea-pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 10 7 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weekly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post infection using Lutzomyia migonei . The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post mortem by conventional PCR. Results: No significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and L . sp . from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation. Conclusions: According to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms.

scholarly journals Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bečvář ◽  
Padet Siriyasatien ◽  
Paul Bates ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Jovana Sádlová
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Lutzomyia Migonei

Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which is now divided into 4 subgenera – L. (Leishmania), L. (Viannia), L. (Sauroleishmania) and L. (Mundinia). Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species - L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and unnamed L. sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. Methods: Experimental infections of guinea-pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 107 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weekly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post infection using Lutzomyia migonei. The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post mortem by conventional PCR.Results: No significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and L. sp. from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation.Conclusions: According to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms.

scholarly journals Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bečvář ◽  
Padet Siriyasatien ◽  
Paul Bates ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Jovana Sádlová
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Leishmania Enriettii ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania , which is now divided into 4 subgenera – L. (Leishmania) , L. (Viannia) , L. (Sauroleishmania) and L. (Mundinia) . Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species - L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis , L. orientalis and unnamed L . sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. Methods: Experimental infections of guinea-pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 10 7 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weekly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post infection using Lutzomyia migonei . The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post mortem by conventional PCR. Results: No significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and L . sp . from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation. Conclusions: According to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms. Key words: Leishmania, Mundinia , guinea pig, Leishmania enriettii, Leishmania martiniquensis, Leishmania orientalis, Leishmania macropodum, animal model

Histopathologic lesions in conventional pigs experimentally infected with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-L. Austin-Busse ◽  
A. Ladinig ◽  
G. Balka ◽  
S. Zoels ◽  
M. Ritzmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Group B ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Challenge Group

Summary Objective: In the present study various tissues of pigs were investigated for the presence of histopathologic lesions after an experimental infection with Haemophilus (H.) parasuis serovar 5. Material and methods: Conventional pigs (n = 36) were divided into a control group B (n = 9) and a challenge group A (n = 27), which was infected intratracheally. Pigs that did not die prior to study termination were euthanized on day 14 post inoculation. Postmortem samples of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, left tarsal joint capsule and brain were collected. Results: All but one pig with detectable histopathologic lesions (n = 11) showed typical macroscopic changes. Histopatho logic examination of all tissue samples identified pyelitis (n = 10), synovitis (n = 7) and meningitis (n = 7) and all those animals were euthanized prior to study termination. No histopathologic lesions were found in pigs of the control group. The correlations between pyelitis and meningitis, pyelitis and synovitis and synovitis and meningitis were significant (p < 0.001). No significant correlation could be observed between the histopathologic and the clinical examination of the joints. The investigation of samples from the joints by PCR was not significantly correlated with the observed synovitis. The clinical observation of neurologic signs was significantly correlated with meningitis (p = 0.03). A significant correlation (p < 0.001) could be detected between meningitis and the detection of H. parasuis by PCR in brain samples. Conclusions: H. parasuis constantly causes clinical signs and pathologic lesions as soon as it infects the brain while it can infect the joints without causing histopathologic lesions. Pigs with histopathologic lesions do not always show typical clinical signs. Only few studies described the finding of kidney lesions in pigs with Glässer’s disease and this is the first study to describe a pyelitis in pigs experimentally infected with H. parasuis. The observed pyelitis mainly occurred in acute cases.

scholarly journals A genome-wide circular RNA transcriptome in Rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Disha Sharma ◽  
Paras Sehgal ◽  
Sridhar Sivasubbu ◽  
Vinod Scaria
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Acceptor Site ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Difference

AbstractBackgroundCircular RNAs are a novel class of non-coding RNAs that backsplice from 5’ donor site and 3’ acceptor site to form a circular structure. A number of circRNAs have been discovered in model organisms including human, mouse, Drosophila, among other organisms. There are a few candidate-based studies on circular RNAs in rat, a well studied model organism. The availability of a recent dataset of transcriptomes encompassing 11 tissues, 4 developmental stages and 2 genders motivated us to explore the landscape of circular RNAs in the organism.MethodologyIn order to understand the difference among different pipelines, we have used the same bodymap RNA sequencing dataset. A number of pipelines have been published to identify the backsplice junctions for the discovery of circRNAs but studies comparing these tools have suggested that a combination of tools would be a better approach to identify high-confidence circular RNAs. We employed 5 different combinations of tools including tophat_CIRCexplorer2, segemehl_CIRCexplorer2, star_CIRCexplorer, Bowtie2_findcirc and Bowtie2_findcirc (noHisat2) to identify circular RNAs from the dataset.ResultsOur analysis identified a number of tissue-specific, developmental stage specific and gender specific circular RNAs. We further independently validated 16 circRNA junctions out of 24 selected candidates in 5 tissue samples. We additionally estimated the quantitative expression of 5 circRNA candidates using real-time PCR and our analysis suggests 3 candidates as tissue-enrichedConclusionThis study is one of the most comprehensive studies that provides a circular RNA transcriptome as well as to understand the difference among different computational pipelines in Rat.

Evaluation of intra-testicular injections of calcium chloride and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2 monoepoxide for chemical sterilization in guinea pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Sen ◽  
N. Yumusak ◽  
R. Faundez ◽  
F. Temamogullari ◽  
A. Taskin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group V

Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the use of intra-testicular calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide (VCM) injections as a side effect-free alternative method for the control of reproduction in guinea pigs. Fifty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups. In all groups, the chemical agents were injected into both testes in 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. While Groups I, II and III were administered with a single dose (0.25 mL) of sterile physiological saline, 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM, respectively, Group IV and V received a daily dose of 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM for 3 days, respectively. On day 90 post-administration, all animals were weighed and later decapitated under ether anaesthesia. Blood and tissue (testis, liver, hypophysis and adrenal gland) samples were taken. Sperm samples from the cauda epididymis were examined for spermatological parameters. Blood was used for hormone analyses and tissue samples were examined histopathologically (haematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemically (Tunel staining). The epididymal sperm count decreased in all treatment groups. Excluding 2 animals, Group V displayed azoospermia. When compared to the control group, Group V displayed the highest prolactin and lowest testosterone levels, and Group III showed the highest testosterone level. Histopathological examination revealed no intoxication finding. Chemical castration with VCM may be a good alternative to surgical castration as it enables mass sterilization without postoperative risks in guinea pig.

scholarly journals Cannibalism as cell differentiation meant that Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 is not suitable as model organism in survivability studies of microbes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Massive Cell

Survival of microbes on various surfaces and environment is a question of importance to basic science, as well as health care, water treatment and distribution, ecology, and search for life in other planetary bodies. To this end, various model organisms, known to be resilient against a variety of environmental insults are used for understanding the mechanisms underlying survival in extreme environments, or conditions mimicking those of the investigated habitats. Serendipitous observations of drastic decline in optical density of Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 (ATCC 8473) in LB Lennox and Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) at temperatures of 25, 30 and 37 oC, after the aerobic culture reached maximal cell density at stationary phase, pointed to possible cell lysis as mechanism for cell death. Specifically, optical density of the bacterium declined from 5.4 at 22.5 hours post inoculation in LB Lennox to 2.5 after 38 hours of culture at 25 oC and 250 rpm rotational shaking. Similarly, optical density of B. subtilis also precipitously declined from 6.4 at 33 hours of culture to 1.8 at 51 hours post inoculation at 37 oC in TSB. This is in stark contrast to aerobic growth of Escherichia coli DH5α (ATCC 53868) in LB Lennox at 37 oC and 250 rpm, where optical density remained stable during stationary phase. More importantly, observations of B. subtilis culture after autoclave decontamination revealed lack of cellular debris; thereby, indicating massive cell lysis resulting in population collapse. Although B. subtilis is known to enter into various cellular differentiation programmes upon nutrient starvation such as onset of stationary phase in cell culture, complete absence of cell debris that usually settle at the bottom of the shake flask after autoclave decontamination, pointed to cannibalism or prophage induced cell lysis as key reasons underlying observed drastic decline in optical density of the culture. Specifically, prophage induced cell lysis may be discounted as this would have destroyed the entire cell population expeditiously shortly after entry into stationary phase. Hence, cannibalism, where a subpopulation of B. subtilis cells secrete cell lysis factors which other B. subtilis cells are not resistant to, likely result in massive cell lysis that generated cellular contents that could serve as nutrients for the surviving cell population resistant to the cell lysis factors, and may be the dominant mechanism underpinning observed rapid decline in optical density after entry into stationary phase. Collectively, B. subtilis NRS-762 is not suitable as model organism for microbial survivability studies given its tendency to undergo differentiation into the cannibalism programme, which in killing a significant fraction of cells upon nutrient deprivation, would also confound experiments aimed at understanding the resilience of cells towards various extraneous environmental factors not common in the microbe’s favoured habitats.

scholarly journals A genome-wide circular RNA transcriptome in Rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Disha Sharma ◽  
Paras Sehgal ◽  
Sridhar Sivasubbu ◽  
Vinod Scaria
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Circular RNAs are a novel class of non-coding RNAs that backsplice from 5' donor site and 3' acceptor sites to form a circular structure. A number of circRNAs have been discovered in model organisms including human, mouse, Drosophila, among other organisms. There are a few candidate-based studies on circular RNAs in rat, a well-studied model organism as well. A number of pipelines have been published to identify the back splice junctions for the discovery of circRNAs but studies comparing these tools have suggested that a combination of tools would be a better approach to identify high-confidence circular RNAs. The availability of a recent dataset of transcriptomes encompassing 11 tissues, 4 developmental stages and 2 genders motivated us to explore the landscape of circular RNAs in the organism in this context. In order to understand the difference among different pipelines, we employed 5 different combinations of tools to identify circular RNAs from the dataset. We compared the results of the different combination of tools/pipelines with respect to alignment, total number of circRNAs identified and read-coverage. In addition, we identified tissue-specific, development-stage specific and gender-specific circular RNAs and further independently validated 16 circRNA junctions out of 24 selected candidates in 5 tissue samples and estimated the quantitative expression of 5 circRNA candidates using real-time PCR and our analysis suggests 3 candidates as tissue-enriched. This study is one of the most comprehensive studies that provides a map of circular RNA transcriptome as well as to understand the difference among different computational pipelines in Rat.

scholarly journals Improved method for diagnosis of Nerium oleander poisoning in necropsy tissues

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana F.M. Botelho ◽  
Fabiano A.S. Oliveira ◽  
Aparecida T.L. Fiúza ◽  
Heloísa P. Pedroza ◽  
Stephanie E.M.T. Branco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Modified Quechers ◽  
The World ◽  
Cardioactive Glycosides

ABSTRACT: Nerium oleander is an ornamental cardiotoxic plant found in tropical and subtropical areas of the World. Its toxicity is related to the content of cardioactive glycosides, mainly oleandrin, found throughout the plant. The present study aimed to describe a new and improved method for oleandrin detection in tissue samples. The determination of oleandrin was made after extraction with a modified QuEChERS technique and measurement by UFLC-MS/MS. A total of 36 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were distributed into 3 groups (n=12): control group that received only water orally (CON), and two treated groups that received hydroalcoholic oleander extract at doses of 150mg.kg-1 (OLE 150) and 300mg.kg-1 (OLE 300) in single oral dose. After three hours, fragments of heart, kidneys, liver and brain were collected for determination of oleandrin levels. The extraction and chromatographic procedures were effective for oleandrin detection and quantification in tissues, with retention time of 1.2 min and detection limit of 0.001μg g-1. The chromatographic analysis of treated guinea pigs indicated that oleandrin is distributed equally among the analyzed tissues. The developed methodology is a reliable, effective and rapid form of diagnosis of N. oleander poisoning based on necropsy tissue samples.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a pan-Leishmania SL-RNA qPCR assay for parasite detection in laboratory-reared and field-collected sand flies and reservoir hosts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Pareyn ◽  
Rik Hendrickx ◽  
Nigatu Girma ◽  
Sarah Hendrickx ◽  
Lieselotte Van Bockstal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Kinetoplast Dna ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Spliced Leader ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractBackgroundIn eco-epidemiological studies, Leishmania detection in vectors and reservoirs is frequently accomplished by high-throughput and sensitive molecular methods that target minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). A pan-Leishmania SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay which specifically detects the conserved spliced-leader RNA (SL-RNA) sequence has recently been developed. This study comparatively assessed the SL-RNA assay performance for the detection of Leishmania in field and laboratory infected sand flies and in tissue samples from hyraxes as reservoir hosts.Principal findingsThe qPCRs targeting SL-RNA and kDNA performed equally well on infected sand fly samples, despite preservation and extraction under presumed unfavorable conditions for downstream RNA detection. Nucleic acid extraction by a crude extraction buffer combined with a precipitation step was highly compatible with downstream SL-RNA and kDNA detection. Copy numbers of kDNA were found to be identical in culture-derived parasites and promastigotes isolated from sand fly midguts. SL-RNA levels were approximately 3-fold lower in sand fly promastigotes (ΔCt 1.7). The theoretical limit of detection and quantification of the SL-RNA qPCR respectively reached down to 10−3 and 10 parasite equivalents. SL-RNA detection in stored hyrax samples was less efficient with some false negative assay results, most likely due to the long-term tissue storage in absence of RNA stabilizing reagents.ConclusionThis study shows that a crude extraction method in combination with the SL-RNA qPCR assay is suitable for the detection and quantification of Leishmania in sand flies. The assay provides complementary information to the standard kDNA assays, since it is pan-Leishmania specific and detects viable parasites, a prerequisite for identification of vectors and reservoirs.Author summaryIn order to identify vectors and reservoirs of Leishmania, a large number of sand fly and animal tissue samples needs to be screened, because the infection prevalence is generally low. Hence, sensitive low-cost methods are required for nucleic acid isolation and Leishmania detection. Most approaches amplify DNA targets, in particular minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Recently, a qPCR was developed that detects the spliced-leader RNA (SL-RNA) sequence, which is conserved among various Leishmania species and allows detection of viable parasites. We show that the SL-RNA qPCR is highly compatible with a low-cost, crude extraction approach and performs equally well on laboratory and field infected sand fly samples as kDNA qPCR assays. The assay can detect 10−3 parasite equivalent in sand flies and enables Leishmania quantification down to 10 parasites. We found that the copy number of SL-RNA is 3-fold lower in sand fly derived promastigotes compared to cultured promastigotes. SL-RNA detection in hyrax tissue samples appeared less efficient, which is presumably due to long-term storage without RNA stabilizing reagents. Overall, our assay is complementary to kDNA assays as it can identify viable Leishmania stages, which provides pivotal information for identification of reservoirs and vectors and their transmission capacity.

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