scholarly journals Bayesian spatial modelling of childhood cancer incidence in Switzerland using exact point data: A nationwide study during 1985-2015.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garyfallos Konstantinoudis ◽  
Dominic Schuhmacher ◽  
Roland A Ammann ◽  
Tamara Diesch ◽  
Claudia E Kuehni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Cns Tumours

Abstract Background The aetiology of most childhood cancers is largely unknown. Spatially varying environmental factors such as traffic-related air pollution, background radiation and agricultural pesticides might contribute to the development of childhood cancer. We investigated the spatial variation of childhood cancers in Switzerland using exact geocodes of place of residence. Methods We included 5,947 children diagnosed with cancer during 1985-2015 at age 0-15 from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We modelled cancer risk using log-Gaussian Cox processes and indirect standardization to adjust for age and year of diagnosis. We examined whether the modelled spatial variation of risk can be explained by ambient air concentration of NO 2 , natural background radiation, area-based socio-economic position (SEP), linguistic region, years of existing general cancer registration in the canton or degree of urbanization. Results For all childhood cancers combined, the posterior median relative risk (RR), compared to the national level, varied by location from 0.83 to 1.13 (min to max). Corresponding ranges were 0.96 to 1.09 for leukaemia, 0.90 to 1.13 for lymphoma, and 0.82 to 1.23 for CNS tumours. The covariates considered explained 72% of the observed spatial variation for all cancers, 81% for leukaemia, 82% for lymphoma and 64% for CNS tumours. There was evidence of an association of background radiation and SEP with incidence of CNS tumours, (1.19;0.98-1.40) and (1.6;1-1.13) respectively. Conclusion Of the investigated diagnostic groups, childhood CNS tumours show the largest spatial variation in Switzerland. The selected covariates only partially explained the observed variation of CNS tumours suggesting that other environmental factors also play a role.

scholarly journals Bayesian spatial modelling of childhood cancer incidence in Switzerland using exact point data: A nationwide study during 1985-2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garyfallos Konstantinoudis ◽  
Dominic Schuhmacher ◽  
Roland A Ammann ◽  
Tamara Diesch ◽  
Claudia E Kuehni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Cns Tumours

AbstractBackgroundThe aetiology of most childhood cancers is largely unknown. Spatially varying environmental factors such as traffic-related air pollution, background radiation and agricultural pesticides might contribute to the development of childhood cancer. We investigated the spatial variation of childhood cancers in Switzerland using exact geocodes of place of residence.MethodsWe included 5,947 children diagnosed with cancer during 1985-2015 at age 0-15 from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We modelled cancer risk using log-Gaussian Cox processes and indirect standardization to adjust for age and year of diagnosis. We examined whether the modelled spatial variation of risk can be explained by ambient air concentration of NO2, natural background radiation, area-based socio-economic position (SEP), linguistic region, years of existing general cancer registration in the canton or degree of urbanization.ResultsFor all childhood cancers combined, the posterior median relative risk (RR), compared to the national level, varied by location from 0.83 to 1.13 (min to max). Corresponding ranges were 0.96 to 1.09 for leukaemia, 0.90 to 1.13 for lymphoma, and 0.82 to 1.23 for CNS tumours. The covariates considered explained 72% of the observed spatial variation for all cancers, 81% for leukaemia, 82% for lymphoma and 64% for CNS tumours. There was evidence of an association of background radiation and SEP with incidence of CNS tumours, (1.19;0.98-1.40) and (1.6;1-1.13) respectively.ConclusionOf the investigated diagnostic groups, childhood CNS tumours show the largest spatial variation in Switzerland. The selected covariates only partially explained the observed variation of CNS tumours suggesting that other environmental factors also play a role.

The Epidemiology of Cancer in Children and Adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Charles A. Stiller ◽  
Gemma Gatta
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Predisposition Genes ◽  
Cns Tumours

Under 2% of all cancers in industrialized countries occur in childhood and adolescence, but they account for a much larger proportion of total population life years potentially lost to cancer. Total incidence is about 160 per million in children and 200 per million in adolescents. In children, leukaemias account for one third of all malignancies and CNS tumours for one quarter. In adolescents, lymphomas account for one quarter of cases and leukaemias, CNS tumours, and carcinomas each for about 15%. Five-year survival exceeds 80% for many childhood and some adolescent cancers. Although survival of adolescents is high overall, survival for several types of cancer is markedly lower than in children. Infants under a year of age also tend to have lower survival. Excess mortality continues beyond 25 years from diagnosis of childhood cancer. The risk of developing a second primary cancer is about six times that in the general population. The causes of most childhood cancers remain unknown. The principal established exogenous causes are ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, and certain viruses. Up to 10% of children and adolescents with cancer may have germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. If one child in a family has cancer, then that child’s siblings have approximately double the risk of the general population for developing childhood cancer, but this could well be entirely accounted for by familial syndromes. Significantly raised or reduced risks of childhood cancers have been linked to polymorphic variants of certain genes, though many of these associations remain to be replicated.

scholarly journals Fine Particulate Matter and Respiratory Healthcare Encounters among Survivors of Childhood Cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Ou ◽  
Heidi Hanson ◽  
Joemy Ramsay ◽  
Claire Leiser ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Free Sample

Some chemotherapies that treat childhood cancers have pulmonary-toxic properties that increase risk for adverse respiratory-health outcomes. PM2.5 causes similar outcomes but its effect among pulmonary compromised cancer survivors is unknown. This case-crossover study identified the PM2.5-associated odds for primary-respiratory hospitalizations and emergency department visits among childhood cancer survivors in Utah. We compared risk among chemotherapy-treated survivors to a cancer-free sample. We calculated 3-day-average PM2.5 by ZIP code and county for event and control days. Conditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios. Models were stratified by cause of admission (infection, respiratory disease, asthma), previous chemotherapy, National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), and other variables. Results are presented per 10 µg/m3 of PM2.5. 90% of events occurred at 3-day PM2.5 averages <35.4 µg/m3, the NAAQS 24-h standard. For survivors, PM2.5 was associated with respiratory hospitalizations (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.13–3.00) and hospitalizations from respiratory infection (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.06–4.14). Among chemotherapy-treated survivors, the PM2.5-associated odds of respiratory hospitalization (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.14–3.61) were significantly higher than the cancer-free sample (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.57–1.25). This is the first study to report significant associations between PM2.5 and respiratory healthcare encounters in childhood cancer survivors. Chemotherapy-treated survivors displayed the highest odds of hospitalization due to PM2.5 exposure and their risk is significantly higher than a cancer-free sample.

scholarly journals Importance of the National Childhood Cancer Registry in the field of paediatric oncology care

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (19) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Garami ◽  
Dezső Schuler ◽  
Zsuzsanna Jakab
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Registry ◽  
Paediatric Oncology ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Paediatric Cancer ◽  
Oncology Care

National Childhood Cancer Registry has been operated since 1971 by the Hungarian Paediatric Oncology Network. This Registry collects data on epidemiology, treatment modalities and effectiveness, as well as late follow-up of childhood cancers. An internet-based paediatric cancer registration and communication system for the Hungarian Paediatric Oncology Network has been introduced in April, 2010. The National Childhood Cancer Registry contains data of all paediatric cancer patients (0–18 yrs) who have insurance covered by the Hungarian Social Security Card. Creation (1971) and operation of the National Childhood Cancer Registry have been very important steps in the field of childhood oncology to evaluate the efficiency of paediatric oncology treatments as well as maximize return on medical investment. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(19), 732–739.

Childhood Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helin Smith ◽  
Bob Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Disease Trajectory ◽  
Cns Tumours ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Survivors Of Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancers are uncommon, accounting for only 0.5% of all cancers in the UK. Approximately, 1500 children are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every year. Despite it being a rare occurrence, cancer still remains the largest cause of death in the 1–14 year age group, amongst whom it counts for 20% of all deaths. Although most adult cancers affect the lung, breast, bowel and prostate, the majority of childhood cancers are haematological and central nervous system (CNS) tumours. The primary care physician's role is vital across the disease trajectory, requiring them to recognize the signs and symptoms of childhood cancer, understand treatment, provide support to children and families, and finally consider the issues affecting survivors of childhood cancer.

Environmental Factors and Deactivation Mechanism of Au/α-Fe2O3 Catalyst during Storage in Ambient Air

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiying WEI ◽  
Guifang FAN ◽  
Feng JIANG ◽  
Zhenzhong ZHANG ◽  
Lan ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Deactivation Mechanism

scholarly journals Outcomes for Children and Adolescents With Cancer: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 2625-2634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm A. Smith ◽  
Nita L. Seibel ◽  
Sean F. Altekruse ◽  
Lynn A.G. Ries ◽  
Danielle L. Melbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This report provides an overview of current childhood cancer statistics to facilitate analysis of the impact of past research discoveries on outcome and provide essential information for prioritizing future research directions. Methods Incidence and survival data for childhood cancers came from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 (SEER 9) registries, and mortality data were based on deaths in the United States that were reported by states to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by underlying cause. Results Childhood cancer incidence rates increased significantly from 1975 through 2006, with increasing rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemia being most notable. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined by more than 50% between 1975 and 2006. For leukemias and lymphomas, significantly decreasing mortality rates were observed throughout the 32-year period, though the rate of decline slowed somewhat after 1998. For remaining childhood cancers, significantly decreasing mortality rates were observed from 1975 to 1996, with stable rates from 1996 through 2006. Increased survival rates were observed for all categories of childhood cancers studied, with the extent and temporal pace of the increases varying by diagnosis. Conclusion When 1975 age-specific death rates for children are used as a baseline, approximately 38,000 childhood malignant cancer deaths were averted in the United States from 1975 through 2006 as a result of more effective treatments identified and applied during this period. Continued success in reducing childhood cancer mortality will require new treatment paradigms building on an increased understanding of the molecular processes that promote growth and survival of specific childhood cancers.

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