scholarly journals Mechanics of the gyroscopic precession and calculation of the Galactic mass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Gyroscopic Effect ◽  
Classic Approach ◽  
Gyroscopic Precession

Abstract A spinning gyroscope precesses about the vertical due to a torque acting upon the wheel. The torque is generated by the shift of moment of force by gravity and it points to the vertical instead of the tangential direction of precession. This intuition offers an alternative and straightforward view of precession dynamics in comparison with the literature. It also presumes a dynamic balance of momentum between circular motions of the wheel spin and precession. Accordingly, the gyroscopic dynamics is then applied to the study of galactic motion of the solar system in space and the Galactic mass is calculated with the inclusion of gyroscopic effect of the solar planets. Results indicate that the gyroscopic effect of Mercury orbiting around the Sun can increase the calculated Galactic mass by 23% in comparison with the result obtained by the classic approach.

scholarly journals Mechanics of the Gyroscopic Precession and Calculation of the Galactic Mass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Sun ◽  
Tin Xu ◽  
Zheng Jiao ◽  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Gyroscopic Effect ◽  
Classic Approach ◽  
Gyroscopic Precession

A spinning gyroscope precesses about the vertical due to a torque acting upon the wheel. The torque is generated by the shift of moment of force by gravity and it points to the vertical instead of the tangential direction of precession. This intuition offers an alternative and straightforward view of precession dynamics in comparison with the literature. It also presumes a dynamic balance of momentum between circular motions of the wheel spin and precession. Accordingly, the gyroscopic dynamics is then applied to the study of galactic motion of the solar system in space and the Galactic mass is calculated with the inclusion of gyroscopic effect of the solar planets. Results indicate that the gyroscopic effect of Mercury orbiting around the Sun can increase the calculated Galactic mass by 23% in comparison with the result obtained by the classic approach.

scholarly journals The Principle of Least Interaction Action

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 489-489
Author(s):  
M. W. Ovenden
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Planetary System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Approximate Methods ◽  
Satellites Of Jupiter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Minimum Interaction

AbstractThe intuitive notion that a satellite system will change its configuration rapidly when the satellites come close together, and slowly when they are far apart, is generalized to ‘The Principle of Least Interaction Action’, viz. that such a system will most often be found in a configuration for which the time-mean of the action associated with the mutual interaction of the satellites is a minimum. The principle has been confirmed by numerical integration of simulated systems with large relative masses. The principle lead to the correct prediction of the preference, in the solar system, for nearly-commensurable periods. Approximate methods for calculating the evolution of an actual satellite system over periods ˜ 109 yr show that the satellite system of Uranus, the five major satellites of Jupiter, and the five planets of Barnard’s star recently discovered, are all found very close to their respective minimum interaction distributions. Applied to the planetary system of the Sun, the principle requires that there was once a planet of mass ˜ 90 Mθ in the asteroid belt, which ‘disappeared’ relatively recently in the history of the solar system.

scholarly journals The frequency of stellar X-ray flares from a large-scale XMM-Newton sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (S320) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
John P. Pye ◽  
Simon R. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Solar Flare ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
White Light ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Sun ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cool Star ◽  
Exoplanetary Systems ◽  
Solar Type

AbstractWe present estimates of cool-star X-ray flare rates determined from the XMM-Tycho survey (Pyeet al. 2015, A&A, 581, A28), and compare them with previously published values for the Sun and for other stellar EUV and white-light samples. We demonstrate the importance of applying appropriate corrections, especially in regard to the total, effective size of the stellar sample. Our results are broadly consistent with rates reported in the literature for Kepler white-light flares from solar-type stars, and with extrapolations of solar flare rates, indicating the potential of stellar X-ray flare observations to address issues such as ‘space weather’ in exoplanetary systems and our own solar system.

Understanding Space Weather: Part II: The Violent Sun

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 2387-2396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith T. Strong ◽  
Joan T. Schmelz ◽  
Julia L. R. Saba ◽  
Therese A. Kucera
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radio Emissions ◽  
Electrical Grids ◽  
Large Flare ◽  
Major Eruption ◽  
Violent Events

Abstract The Sun is often racked by short-term violent events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) but these two phenomena are often confused. Both are caused by the release of energy due to the reconnection of stressed and unstable magnetic fields. Flares bathe the solar system in electromagnetic radiation from gamma rays to radio emissions. CMEs throw billions of tons of solar plasma into interplanetary space at velocities of over 1,000 km s−1. Flares can occur without significant ejecta being spewed out from the Sun into the solar system. CMEs can occur without a significant flare being detected. The most violent and dangerous events occur when a large flare is accompanied by a major eruption. These violent events are much more common near solar maximum but can occur at any time during the solar cycle, so we are rarely completely immune to their effects. Various types of solar activity can lead to problems with electrical grids, navigation systems, and communications, and can present a hazard to astronauts, as will be discussed in future papers in this series.

scholarly journals Oxygen isotopic heterogeneity in the early Solar System inherited from the protosolar molecular cloud

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (42) ◽  
pp. eaay2724
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Krot ◽  
Kazuhide Nagashima ◽  
James R. Lyons ◽  
Jeong-Eun Lee ◽  
Martin Bizzarro
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Molecular Cloud ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Terrestrial Planets ◽  
Carbonaceous Chondrites ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
Isotopic Heterogeneity ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
O 24

The Sun is 16O-enriched (Δ17O = −28.4 ± 3.6‰) relative to the terrestrial planets, asteroids, and chondrules (−7‰ < Δ17O < 3‰). Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs), the oldest Solar System solids, approach the Sun’s Δ17O. Ultraviolet CO self-shielding resulting in formation of 16O-rich CO and 17,18O-enriched water is the currently favored mechanism invoked to explain the observed range of Δ17O. However, the location of CO self-shielding (molecular cloud or protoplanetary disk) remains unknown. Here we show that CAIs with predominantly low (26Al/27Al)0, <5 × 10−6, exhibit a large inter-CAI range of Δ17O, from −40‰ to −5‰. In contrast, CAIs with the canonical (26Al/27Al)0 of ~5 × 10−5 from unmetamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites have a limited range of Δ17O, −24 ± 2‰. Because CAIs with low (26Al/27Al)0 are thought to have predated the canonical CAIs and formed within first 10,000–20,000 years of the Solar System evolution, these observations suggest oxygen isotopic heterogeneity in the early solar system was inherited from the protosolar molecular cloud.

scholarly journals Narrow-band photometry of Long Period Comets with TRAPPIST telescopes in 2019-2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Moulane ◽  
Emmanuel Jehin ◽  
Francisco José Pozuelos ◽  
Jean Manfroid ◽  
Zouhair Benkhaldoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Heliocentric Distance ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Dust Production ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Water Production Rate

&lt;p&gt;Long Period Comets (LPCs) have orbital periods longer than 200 years, perturbed from their resting place in the Oort cloud. Such gravitational influences may send these icy bodies on a path towards the center of the Solar system in highly elliptical orbits. In this work, we present the activity and composition evolution of several LPCs observed with both TRAPPIST telescopes (TS and TN) during the period of 2019-2020. These comets include: C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS), C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto), C/2018 W2 (Africano), and disintegrated comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS). We monitored the OH, NH, CN, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; production rates evolution and their chemical mixing ratios with respect to their distances to the Sun as well as the dust production rate proxy (A(0)fp) during the journey of these comets into the inner Solar system.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)&lt;/strong&gt; is a very bright comet which was discovered on October 2, 2017 when it was 9.20 au from the Sun. We started observing this comet with TS at the beginning of August 2019 when it was at 3.70 au. The comet made the closest approach to the Earth on December 28, 2019 at a distance of 1.52 au and it passed the perihelion on May 4, 2020 at 1.61 au. The water production rate of the comet reached a maximum of (4,27&amp;#177;0,12)10&lt;sup&gt;28 &lt;/sup&gt;molecules/s and its dust production rate (A(0)fp(RC)) also reached the peak of 5110&amp;#177;25 cm on January 26, 2020, when the comet was at 2.08 au from the Sun (-100 days pre-perihelion). At the time of writing, we still monitoring the activity of the comet with TN at heliocentric distance of 1.70 au. Our observations show that C/2017 T2 is a normal LPC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)&lt;/strong&gt; is a nearly parabolic comet with a retrograde orbit discovered on December 18, 2018 by Japanese amateur astronomer Masayuki Iwamoto. We monitored the activity and composition of Iwamoto with both TN and TS telescopes from January to March 2019. The comet reached its maximum activity on January 29, 2019 when it was at 1.29 au from the Sun (-8 days pre-perihelion) with Q(H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)=(1,68&amp;#177;0,05)10&lt;sup&gt;28 &lt;/sup&gt;molecules/s and A(0)fp(RC)= 92&amp;#177;5 cm. These measurements show that it was a dust-poor comet compared to the typical LPCs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C/2018 W2 (Africano) &lt;/strong&gt;was discovered on November 27, 2018 at Mount Lemmon Survey with a visual magnitude of 20. The comet reached its perihelion on September 6, 2019 when it was at 1.45 au from the Sun. We monitored the comet from July 2019 (r&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;=1.71 au) to January 2020 (r&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;=2.18 au) with both TN and TS telescopes. The comet reached its maximum activity on September 21, 15 days post-perihelion (r&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;=1.47 au) with Q(H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)=(0,40&amp;#177;0,03)10&lt;sup&gt;28 &lt;/sup&gt;molecules/s.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)&lt;/strong&gt; is a comet with a nearly parabolic orbit discovered on December 18, 2019 by the ATLAS survey. We started to follow its activity and composition with broad- and narrow-band filters with the TN telescope on February 22, 2019 when it was at 1.32 au from the Sun until May 3, 2020 when the comet was at a heliocentric distance of 0.90 au inbound. The comet activity reached a maximum on March 22 (r&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;=1.65 au) 70 days before perihelion. At that time, the water-production rate reached (1,53&amp;#177;0,04)10&lt;sup&gt;28 &lt;/sup&gt;molecules/s and the A(0)fp reached (1096&amp;#177;14) cm in the red filter. After that, the comet began to fade and disintegrated into several fragments.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Matahari dalam Perspektif Sains dan Al-Qur'an

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Anisa Nur Afida ◽  
Yuberti Yuberti ◽  
Mukarramah Mustari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Data Display ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Analysis Technique

Abstract: This study aims to determine the function of the sun in the perspective of science and al-Qur'an . The research method used is qualitative research methods with the type of research library (Library Research). This research applies data analysis technique of Milles and Huberman model, with steps: 1) data reduction; 2) data display; 3) verification. The result of this research is, the theories that science explain related to the function of the sun in accordance with what is also described in the Qur'an. Science explains that the sun as the greatest source of light for the earth can produce its own energy. This is explained in the Qur'an that the sun is described as siraj and dhiya' which means sunlight is sourced from itself, as the center of the solar system is not static but also moves this matter in the Qur'an explained in QS Yāsin verse 38, besides science and the Qur'an also equally explain that the sun can be made as a calculation of time.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fungsi matahari dalam perspektif sains dan al-Qur’an..Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian pustaka (Library Research). Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data model Milles dan Huberman, dengan langkah-langkah: 1) reduksi data; 2) display data; 3) verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu, teori-teori yang sains jelaskan berkaitan dengan fungsi matahari sesuai dengan apa yang juga di jelaskan dalam al-Qur’an. Sains menjelaskan bahwa matahari sebagai sumber energi cahaya terbesar bagi bumi dapat menghasilkan energinya sendiri hal ini dijelaskan dalam al-Qur’an bahwa matahari dideskripsikan sebagai siraj dan dhiya’yang berarti sinar matahari bersumber dari dirinya sendiri, sebagai pusat tata surya matahari tidaklah statis melainkan juga bergerak hal ini dalam al-Qur’an di jelaskan dalam QS Yāsin ayat 38, selain itu sains dan al-Qur’an juga sama-sama menjelaskan bahwa matahari  dapat di jadikan sebagai perhitungan waktu serta petunjuk dari bayang-bayang.

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