scholarly journals Young and Old Leaves Physiological and Metabolite Profiles Analysis on Amino Acids and Organic Acids in Wild Soybean Seedlings Under Nitrogen Deficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Shujuan Gao ◽  
Yunan Hu ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Jixun Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Complex Stress ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Substance Transport

Abstract Background As an important germplasm resource, wild soybean has good tolerance to complex stress environment stress. This study described the differences of physiological and metabolomic changes between common wild soybean (GS1) and the barren tolerance wild soybean (GS2) under low nitrogen (LN) stress. Results The result showed the barren tolerance wild soybean young leaves can maintain relatively stable chlorophyll content and increased the contents of Car;Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate decreased significantly in in the barren tolerance wild soybean old leaves, but there was no significant change in young leaves; the barren tolerance wild soybean enhanced the enrichment of beneficial ion pairs such as zinc, calcium and phosphorus. The metabolism of amino acids and organic acids in the barren tolerance wild soybean old leaves was vigorous, a large number of beneficial amino acids such as GABA, asparagine and proline were enriched, and the metabolites related to TCA cycle were significantly increased. Conclusion the barren tolerance wild soybean can ensure the nitrogen supply of young leaves by inhibiting the photosynthetic response of old leaves; the relatively stable growth of young leaves also benefits from the effective transport and reuse of beneficial ions from old leaves; More importantly, the enhanced metabolism of specific amino acids and organic acids in GS2 old leaves seemed to play an important role in resisting LN stress. GABA and Asparagine played substantial roles in N storage, C/N balance, antioxidant defense and act as signaling molecule to help GS2 to resist LN stress. Difference organic acids in the old leaves of GS2 increased which could improve the utilization rate of N in the soil. In addition, the strength of fatty acids catabolism and TCA cycle in GS2 old leaves provided energy base for substance transport. The analysis of physiological and metabolite may provide a new perspective for revealing the importance of substance transport and reuse in different plant parts to resist abiotic stress.

scholarly journals The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

scholarly journals The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

scholarly journals The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (primary dormancy released seeds) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. Sixty-six metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, which appear to reflect biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. Seventy-six metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 74% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Most pronounced one was a major 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold reduce in the respective levels of fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate, which appear to reflect the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are strongly slowed down. The majority of the metabolites in PDS embryos displayed a relatively larger alteration only during from days 0 to 5. Although 69% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

scholarly journals The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

scholarly journals The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

scholarly journals Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Ye Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycorisradiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

scholarly journals Oleate metabolism using kinetic 13C dilution strategy deciphered the potential role of global transcription regulator arcA in Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Jindal ◽  
Poonam Jyoti ◽  
Venkatesh V Kareenhalli ◽  
Shyam Kumar Masakapalli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Global Regulators ◽  
Respiration Control ◽  
Shed Light

Microbial metabolism of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA; > C12) is of relevance owing to their presence in various nutrient niches. Microbes have evolved to metabolize LCFA by expressing relevant genes coordinated by various transcriptional regulators. Among the global transcriptional regulators, the metabolic control conferred by arcA (aerobic respiration control) under a LCFA medium is lacking. This work is targeted to unravel the metabolic features of E.coli MG1655 and its knockout strain ΔarcA under oleate (C18:1) as a sole carbon source, providing novel insights into the flexibility of the global regulators in maintaining the cellular physiology. Owing to the availability and cost of stable isotope LCFA tracers, we adopted a novel kinetic 13C dilution strategy. This allowed us to quantify the 13C dilution rates in the amino acids that retro-biosynthetically shed light on the central metabolic pathways in actively growing cells. Our data comprehensively mapped oleate oxidization in E.coli via the pathways of β-oxidation, TCA cycle, anaplerotic and gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, arcA knockout showed expeditious growth (~60%) along with an increased oleate utilization rate (~55%) relative to the wild-type. ΔarcA also exhibited higher 13C dilution rates (> 20%) in proteinogenic amino acids than the wild-type. Overall, the study established the de-repression effect conferred by ΔarcA in E.coli, which resulted in a phenotype with reprogrammed metabolism favouring higher oleate assimilation. The outcomes suggest rational metabolic engineering of regulators as a strategy to develop smart cells for enhanced biotransformation of LCFA. This study also opens an avenue for adopting a kinetic 13C dilution strategy to decipher the cellular metabolism of a plethora of substrates, including other LCFA in microbes.

scholarly journals Analogous Metabolic Decoupling in Pseudomonas putida and Comamonas testosteroni Implies Energetic Bypass to Facilitate Gluconeogenic Growth

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Wilkes ◽  
Jacob Waldbauer ◽  
Ludmilla Aristilde
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Comamonas Testosteroni ◽  
Glycolytic Metabolism ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Growth Phenotype

Glycolytic metabolism of sugars is extensively studied in the Proteobacteria , but gluconeogenic carbon sources (e.g., organic acids, amino acids, aromatics) that feed into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are widely reported to produce a fast-growth phenotype, particularly in species with biotechnological relevance. Much remains unknown about the importance of glycolysis-associated pathways in the metabolism of gluconeogenic carbon substrates.

Synthesis and Breakdown of the Universal Precursors to Biological Metabolism Promoted by Ferrous Iron

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila B. Muchowska ◽  
Sreejith Jayasree VARMA ◽  
Joseph Moran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Chemical Reaction Network ◽  
Metabolic Precursors ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

How core biological metabolism initiated and why it uses the intermediates, reactions and pathways that it does remains unclear. Life builds its molecules from CO<sub>2 </sub>and breaks them down to CO<sub>2 </sub>again through the intermediacy of just five metabolites that act as the hubs of biochemistry. Here, we describe a purely chemical reaction network promoted by Fe<sup>2+ </sup>in which aqueous pyruvate and glyoxylate, two products of abiotic CO<sub>2 </sub>reduction, build up nine of the eleven TCA cycle intermediates, including all five universal metabolic precursors. The intermediates simultaneously break down to CO<sub>2 </sub>in a life-like regime resembling biological anabolism and catabolism. Introduction of hydroxylamine and Fe<sup>0 </sup>produces four biological amino acids. The network significantly overlaps the TCA/rTCA and glyoxylate cycles and may represent a prebiotic precursor to these core metabolic pathways.

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