scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: Analysis of cross-sectional studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male people who inject drugs (male PWIDs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors were assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets from Pokhara (Nepal), collected between 2003 and 2017 (N=2,235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male PWIDs by socio-demographic, behavioural, and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV. Results HIV prevalence decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (<=24 years compared to >24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10-0.31), being married (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.25-3.02) and shorter duration of drug use (<=4 years compared to >4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09-0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75-4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64-4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20-4.11). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV in male PWIDs in Pokhara has been variable, but overall has reduced in recent years to 2.6% before increasing in 2017 to 4.9%. The main determinants which increase the risk of HIV among male PWIDs in Pokhara are low education level, a lack of treatment for drug addiction and the recent use of unsterilised equipment. Each of these indicate the need to improve addiction treatment and education programs for intra-venous drug use to aid this key population in avoiding risk-taking behaviours.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: analysis of cross-sectional studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male people who inject drugs (male PWIDs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors need to be assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets from Pokhara (Nepal), collected between 2003 and 2017 (N = 2235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male PWIDs by socio-demographic and behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV. Results HIV prevalence decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence has increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (<=24 years compared to > 24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10–0.31), being married (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.25–3.02) and shorter duration of drug use (<=4 years compared to > 4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09–0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75–4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64–4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20–4.11). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV in male PWIDs in Pokhara has been variable, but overall has reduced in recent years to 2.6% before increasing in 2017 to 4.9%. The main determinants which increase the risk of HIV among male PWIDs in Pokhara are low education level, a lack of treatment for drug addiction and the recent use of unsterilised equipment. Each of these indicate the need to improve addiction treatment and education programs for intra-venous drug use to aid this key population in avoiding risk-taking behaviours.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: Analysis of cross-sectional studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low and the country itself is considered low risk, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male injection drug users (IDUs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors need to be assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets, collected between 2003 and 2017 (N=2,235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male IDUs by key socio-demographic and behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV in the Pokhara valley, Nepal. Results Overall HIV prevalence has decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence has increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (less than or equal to 24 years compared to greater than 24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.31), being married (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.25, 3.02) and shorter duration of drug use (less than or equal to 4 years compared to greater than 4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75, 4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64, 4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20, 4.11). Conclusion The main determinants which increase the risk of HIV among male IDUs in Pokhara were low education level, a lack of treatment for drug addiction and the recent use of unsterilised equipment. Each of these indicate the need to improve addiction treatment and education programs for intra-venous drug use to aid this at-risk group in avoiding risk-taking behaviours.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal: Analysis of cross-sectional studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Hiv Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low and the country itself is considered low risk, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male injection drug users (IDUs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors need to be assessed. Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets, collected between 2003 and 2017 (N=2,235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male IDUs by key socio-demographic and behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV in the Pokhara valley, Nepal. Results Overall HIV prevalence has decreased from the levels seen in 2003 (22.0%) and 2005 (21.7%), with the lowest prevalence recorded in 2015 (2.6%), however prevalence has increased in the most recent period (4.9%). A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (less than or equal to 24 years compared to greater than 24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.31), not being married (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.80) and shorter duration of drug use (less than or equal to 4 years compared to greater than 4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75, 4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64, 4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20, 4.11). Conclusion Although knowledge of HIV is high among male IDUs, the prevalence of individuals who possess comprehensive knowledge and the number of individuals who have received treatment for drug addiction has decreased. This may indicate that addiction treatment and HIV education programs need to be strengthened.

scholarly journals Trends and determinants of HIV transmission among men who inject drugs in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hogan ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Felix Ogbo ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Rajesh Man Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Hiv Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Abstract Background HIV is a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Although the overall prevalence of HIV in Nepal is relatively low and the country itself is considered low risk, there are specific sub-populations where the prevalence is far higher than the national average. One of these sub-groups is male injection drug users (IDUs). In order to understand the reasons for the differences in prevalence, a series of socio-demographic, behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors need to be assessed.Methods The study used a series of 7 cross-sectional survey datasets, collected between 2003 and 2017 (N=2,235) to investigate trends in HIV prevalence among male IDUs by key socio-demographic and behavioural and knowledge-based risk factors. A series of logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between study factors and HIV in the Pokhara valley, Nepal.Results A lower risk of HIV was associated with younger age (≤24 years compared to >24 years, OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.31), not being married (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.80) and shorter duration of drug use (≤4 years compared to >4 years, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.29). A higher risk of HIV was associated with low (compared to secondary or higher) education level (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.75, 4.36), a lack of addiction treatment (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64, 4.08), and recent use of unsterilized injection equipment (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.20, 4.11).Conclusion Although knowledge of HIV is high among male IDUs, the prevalence of individuals who possess comprehensive knowledge and the number of individuals who have received treatment for drug addiction has decreased. This may indicate that addiction treatment and HIV education programs need to be strengthened.

scholarly journals Improved ascertainment of modes of HIV transmission in Ukraine indicates importance of drug injecting and homosexual risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostyantyn Dumchev ◽  
Marina Kornilova ◽  
Roksolana Kulchynska ◽  
Marianna Azarskova ◽  
Charles Vitek
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Homosexual Transmission

Abstract Background It is important to understand how HIV infection is transmitted in the population in order to guide prevention activities and properly allocate limited resources. In Ukraine and other countries where injecting drug use and homosexuality are stigmatized, the information about mode of transmission in case registration systems is often biased. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in a random sample of patients registered at HIV clinics in seven regions of Ukraine in 2013-2015. The survey assessed behavioral risk factors and serological markers of viral hepatitis B and C. We analyzed the discrepancies between the registered mode of transmission and the survey data, and evaluated trends over three years. Results Of 2,285 participants, 1,032 (45.2%) were females. The proportion of new HIV cases likely caused by injecting drug use based on the survey data was 59.7% compared to 33.2% in official reporting, and proportion of cases likely acquired through homosexual transmission was 3.8% compared to 2.8%. We found a significant decrease from 63.2% to 57.5% in the proportion of injecting drug use-related cases and a steep increase from 2.5 to 5.2% in homosexual transmission over three years. Conclusions The study confirmed the significant degree of misclassification of HIV mode of transmission among registered cases. The role of injecting drug use in HIV transmission is gradually decreasing, but remains high. The proportion of cases related to homosexual transmission is relatively modest, but is rapidly increasing, especially in younger men. Improvements in ascertaining the risk factor information are essential to monitor the epidemic and to guide programmatic response.

Risk Factors for Illicit Drug Use Among Malaysian Male Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (8_suppl) ◽  
pp. 48S-56S
Author(s):  
Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani ◽  
Jane Ling Miaw Yn ◽  
Thamil Arasu Saminathan ◽  
Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes ◽  
Rushidi Ramly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Adolescents

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and its associated factors among male adolescents in Malaysia. Data of 13 135 adolescents were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017, a cross-sectional survey among school-going adolescents in Malaysia aged between 13 and 17 years, using a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling. A complex sample design analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. The overall prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use among male adolescents was 6.6%. The multivariable model showed that illicit drug use among male adolescents were associated with younger age, rural school area, marital status of parent, current smoker, ever having sex, truancy, involved in physical fight, and lack of peer support. The findings from this study can assist community and relevant authorities in their efforts to combat illicit drug usage among adolescents using intervention programs that diminishes risk factors and enhances the protective factors.

scholarly journals HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men following the implementation of the HIV preventive guideline in Tanzania: respondent-driven sampling survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036460
Author(s):  
Mwijage Alexander Ishungisa ◽  
Kare Moen ◽  
Germana Leyna ◽  
Neema Makyao ◽  
Angela Ramadhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Respondent Driven Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sex With Men

ObjectivesTo estimate HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania following the implementation of the national comprehensive package of HIV interventions for key population (CHIP).DesignA cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling.SettingDar es Salaam, Tanzania’s largest city.ParticipantsMen who occasionally or regularly have sex with another man, aged 18 years and above and living in Dar es Salaam city at least 6 months preceding the study.Primary outcome measureHIV prevalence was the primary outcome. Independent risk factors for HIV infection were examined using weighted logistics regression modelling.ResultsA total of 777 MSM with a mean age of 26 years took part in the study. The weighted HIV prevalence was 8.3% (95% CI: 6.3%–10.9%) as compared with 22.3% (95% CI: 18.7%–26.4%) observed in a similar survey in 2014. Half of the participants had had sex with more than two partners in the month preceding the survey. Among those who had engaged in transactional sex, 80% had used a condom during last anal sex with a paying partner. Participants aged 25 and above had four times higher odds of being infected than those aged 15–19 years. HIV infection was associated with multiple sexual partnerships (adjusted OR/AOR, 3.0; 95% CI: 1.8–12.0), not having used condom during last sex with non-paying partner (AOR, 4.1; 95% CI: 1.4–7.8) and ever having engaged in group sex (AOR, 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.6).ConclusionHIV prevalence among MSM in Dar es Salaam has decreased by more than a half over the past 5 years, coinciding with implementation of the CHIP. It is nonetheless two times as high as that of men in the general population. To achieve the 2030 goal, behavioural change interventions and roll out of new intervention measures such as pre-exposure prophylaxis are urgently needed.

scholarly journals FAKTOR RISIKO KEGEMUKAN PADA WANITA DEWASA INDONESIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Diana ◽  
Indah Yuliana ◽  
Ghaida Yasmin ◽  
Hardinsyah Hardinsyah
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overweight Women

This study was aimed to analyze risk factors of overweight women aged 19—55 years in Indonesia. This study used electronic files data of the National Basic Health Research 2010 from Ministry of Health, which was designed as a cross sectional survey. A total of 57,167 women aged 19—55 years were selected for the analysis. A logistic regression was applied to analyze risk factors of overweight. The result showed that 29.4% of subjects were overweight (including obese). The significant risk factors (p&lt;0.05) of overweight among subjects were marital status (OR for married=2.712; 95%CI:2.559—2.875), household income (OR for high income=1.566; 95%CI:1.504—1.631), living settlement (OR for urban=1.358; 95%CI:1.304—1.413), physical activity (OR for sedentary=1.213; 95%CI:1.153—1.275), energy from carbohydrate (EAC) (OR for EAC≥55%=1.119; 95%CI:1.067—1.173), and energy from sugary sweetened foods (ESF) (OR for ESF≥10%=1.100; 95%CI:1.037—1.166). Education level (OR for higher education=0.817; 95%CI:0.782—0.853) was a protective factors for overweight. This implies the importance of promoting physical activity and healthy diet, especially with sugary sweetened foods and adequate energy from carbohydrate, for preventing and controlling overweight among Indonesian adults especially women.

scholarly journals Prevalence and behavioral risk factors for STIs/HIV among attendees of the Ministry of Health hospitals in Saudi Arabia

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaa M. Filemban ◽  
Yasser A. Yasein ◽  
Magdy H. H. Abdalla ◽  
Raafat Al-Hakeem ◽  
Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infected People

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major public health, social, and economic problem leading to morbidity, mortality, and stigma. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of STIs, investigate behavioral risk factors and the relationship between the STIs/HIV and demographic factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2013 and 2014 among attendees of the Ministry of Health hospitals. Results: The total number of participants was 3,994 (2,441 males and 1,553 females), with a mean age of 31.95 ± 9.45 years (range 12 to 77 years). The prevalence of STIs and HIV was 6.2% and 0.05% respectively. The mean age for infected people with STIs was 29.42 ± 7.51, vs. 32.12 ± 9.55 for non infected (p < 0.05). There was no diffference between infected and non infected people regarding gender, occupation and marital status. The prevalence of STIs was more commonly reported among non-Saudi (10.9%). Drug use (OR = 4.74; 95%; CI: 3.47–6.48), intravenous drug use (OR = 4.51; 95% CI: 1.45–13.12), illegal sex (OR = 10.7; 95% CI: 7.62–13.32), sex for money (OR = 6.36; 95% CI: 4.52–8.93), sex for pleasure (OR=9.76; 95% CI: 7.29–13.07) were significantly associated with STIs. Conclusion: The prevalence of STIs including HIV in Saudi Arabia is low compared to other countries in the region and globally.

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