Behavioural Evidence and Chemical Identification of a Female Sex Pheromone in Anagrus Atomus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Zanolli ◽  
Desiderato Annoscia ◽  
Virginia Zanni ◽  
Francesco Nazzi ◽  
Francesco Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Empoasca Vitis

Abstract Anagrus atomus (L.) is an egg parasitoid used for the biological control of Empoasca vitis (Goethe) in vineyards. Sex pheromones play a crucial role in mate finding process of several parasitoid species and could be used for monitoring under field conditions. We carried out lab and field studies aiming at assessing the existence and identity of a possible A. atomus sex pheromone. We found that males were significantly attracted by virgin female independently from female age. Males were not attracted from individuals of the same sex but they were attracted by crude extract of an unmated female and its polar fraction. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) was identified as the attractive substance and proved to be attractive not only in the olfactometer but also in another laboratory bioassay and under field conditions. Attraction of males, but not females, confirms that this is not an aggregation pheromone. This is the first sex-pheromone component identified in Mymaridae but more compounds could be involved in the mating behaviour of A. atomus. The utility of a sex pheromone in A. atomus is discussed in the context of fitness returns.

scholarly journals Behavioural Evidence and Chemical Identification of a Female Sex Pheromone in Anagrus atomus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Zanolli ◽  
Desiderato Annoscia ◽  
Virginia Zanni ◽  
Francesco Nazzi ◽  
Francesco Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Empoasca Vitis ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

AbstractAnagrus atomus (L.) is an egg parasitoid involved in the biological control of Empoasca vitis (Göthe) in vineyards. Sex pheromones play a crucial role in mate finding for several parasitoid species and could be used for monitoring under field conditions. We carried out laboratory and field studies aimed at assessing the existence and identity of a possible A. atomus sex pheromone. We found that males were significantly attracted by virgin females independent of age. Males were not attracted to individuals of the same sex, but they were attracted by a crude extract from an unmated female and its polar fraction. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) was identified as the attractive substance and proved to be attractive not only in the olfactometer but also in another laboratory bioassay and under field conditions. Attraction of males, but not females, confirms that this is not an aggregation pheromone. This is the first sex-pheromone component identified in Mymaridae, however more compounds could be involved in the mating behaviour of A. atomus. The utility of a sex pheromone in A. atomus is discussed in the context of fitness returns.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH, ANAGASTA KÜHNIELLA: SOME INFLUENCES OF AGE, PHOTOPERIOD, AND LIGHT INTENSITY

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. M. Traynier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Diel Cycles ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Old Females ◽  
Mediterranean Flour Moth

AbstractUnmated female A. kühniella (Zell.) emitted a sex pheromone at the beginning of the light period of a 24 hour cycle of light and dark periods. There were no differences apparent in the duration of the calling posture by females in light of 1, 40, or 200 lux. A sex pheromone was extracted from the abdominal tips of unmated females of various ages with organic solvents, 3-day-old females gave the most potent extracts. Extracts of equal potence were obtained from females at different times during the diel cycles of photoperiod. The response of males to the extract was maximal at dawn, increased with age for 5 days, and was greater in light of 1 lux intensity than of 200 lux. Both sexes showed an anticipation of the beginning of the light period in their sexual behaviour, but if the timing of the cycle of photoperiod was changed the behaviour of both sexes became synchronised to the new cycle on its second or third occurrence.

scholarly journals Mate finding via a trail sex pheromone by a parasitoid wasp.

1995 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Fauvergue ◽  
K. R. Hopper ◽  
M. F. Antolin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Mate Finding

scholarly journals Laboratory field studies of mini potato planter

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00150
Author(s):  
Nikolai P. Laryushin ◽  
Oleg N. Kukharev ◽  
Anton S. Bochkarev ◽  
Vladimir S. Bochkarev
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Potato Planter

The paper considers the design and operation of the experimental mini potato planter for small-scale farms (private subsidiary farms – PSF). It presents the results of field studies of experimental potato planter in field conditions. The paper also describes probabilistic curves of potato tubers distribution in a furrow depending on motion speed and design parameters of tubers speed damper.

Atrazine Dissipation as Affected by Surface pH and Tillage

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Kells ◽  
C. E. Rieck ◽  
R. L. Blevins ◽  
W. M. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Surface Ph ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Decreasing Ph

Field studies and laboratory analyses were conducted to examine factors affecting degradation of14C-atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] under field conditions. The effects of these factors on weed control under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems were also examined. The amount of radioactivity which was unextractable in 90% methanol increased with time following treatment with14C-atrazine. The rate of formation of unextractable14C compounds was greater under no-tillage and increased with decreasing pH. After 14 to 18 days, a greater amount of extractable atrazine was present in areas receiving lime. The degradation of atrazine occurred more rapidly when surface pH was less than 5.0 compared with a pH greater than 6.5. The effect of lime on the amount of parent atrazine present in the soil was directly correlated to its effect on soil pH. Extractable atrazine in the soil 45 days after treatment was significantly correlated with weed control with the greatest effect under no-tillage.

Interactions of Four Herbicides with Rhizoctonia solani on Seedling Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Chandler ◽  
P. W. Santelmann
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of an interaction between the herbicides 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin), a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), 3- (m-tri-fluromethylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (fluometuron), and 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), and the seedling disease organism Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). When high levels of trifluralin or prometryne were used in the growth chamber, an interaction with the pathogen that was injurious to the cotton occurred. Prometryne and fluometuron produced an antagonistic effect on R. solani.Under field conditions, R. solani usually caused cotton injury. Interactions injurious to the cotton occurred between trifluralin and a low level of R. solani and between nitralin and a high level R. solani infestation. No interactions occurred with fluometuron or prometryne. In all instances, the effect occurred only when the herbicides were being used at high rates.

Performance of Genetically Modified Soybean Expressing the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac Proteins Against Key Lepidopteran Pests in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2883-2889
Author(s):  
Fabiana B Bacalhau ◽  
Patrick M Dourado ◽  
Renato J Horikoshi ◽  
Renato A Carvalho ◽  
Altair Semeão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Genetically Modified Soybean ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gm Soybean

Abstract The pyramided genetically modified (GM) soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788, expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was approved for commercial use in Brazil. We conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies to assess the efficacy of this Bt soybean against key soybean lepidopteran pests. Neonates of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to Bt proteins in diet-overlay bioassays. MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean and individual components were evaluated in laboratory (leaf disc), greenhouse (high artificial infestations), and in field conditions (natural infestations). Neonates of A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera were highly susceptible to Cry1A.105 (LC50 from 0.79 to 48.22 ng/cm2), Cry2Ab2 (LC50 from 1.24 to 8.36 ng/cm2), and Cry1Ac (LC50 from 0.15 to 5.07 ng/cm2) in diet-overlay bioassays. In laboratory leaf disc bioassays and greenhouse trials, MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean as well as the individual components were highly effective in controlling A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera. Similarly, under field conditions, the pyramided genotypes expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac were highly effective at protecting soybean against C. includens. We concluded that the individual Bt proteins expressed by GM soybean MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 killed all or nearly all the susceptible A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera, fulfilling one important criterion for successfully delaying resistance to pyramided Bt crops.

Field Dissipation of Atrazine and Metribuzin in Organic Soils in Florida

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Odero ◽  
Dale L. Shaner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Bioavailable Fraction ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
Atrazine Degradation

Sugarcane growers have observed reduced residual activity of atrazine on organic soils in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of south Florida. Field studies were conducted between 2011 and 2012 to determine the rate of dissipation of atrazine at 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 kg ha−1and metribuzin at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg ha−1in the top 10 cm of soil in sugarcane fields in the EAA. The bioavailable fraction of atrazine dissipated more rapidly than the total amount of atrazine in the soil. Half-lives of the total and bioavailable fraction of atrazine ranged between 3.9 to 12.1 d and 1.0 to 7.5 d, respectively. Metribuzin dissipated much more slowly than atrazine on organic soils. Similarly, dissipation of the bioavailable fraction of metribuzin was more rapid than was the dissipation of the total amount of metribuzin in the soil. Half-lives of the total and bioavailable fraction of metribuzin ranged between 16.2 and 24.8 d and 6.0 and 14.3 d, respectively. These results indicate that enhanced atrazine degradation occurs on organic soils under field conditions in the EAA, resulting in shorter residual atrazine activity. This implies that metribuzin is a better option for weed control in sugarcane grown on organic soils of the EAA exhibiting enhanced atrazine degradation.

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