Prognostic Significance of STC2 and DNA methylation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study Based on the TCGA and GEO Databases
Abstract Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is a popular malignancy type that brings about poor prognosis with a low survival rate worldwide. Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) is a glycosylated peptide hormone and shows the potential to become a new biomarker for the evaluation of malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to explore the prognostic implications of STC2 and DNA methylation in HNSC and the role of STC2 expression in immune cell infiltration.Methods: STC2 gene expression data were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to screen prognostic risk factors. The relationship between STC2 expression and TP53 mutation in HNSC was explored. TCGA data were utilized to analyze how STC2 expression affected immune cell infiltration in HNSC.Results: STC2 was highly expressed in HNSC patients (P < 0.01), especially those with a lower overall survival rate (P < 0.0001). TP53 mutation might be a risk factor of STC2 overexpression in HNSC (P = 0.0015). STC2 expression was negatively correlated with STC2 methylation (Spearman: -0.43, P < 0.001). Hypermethylation or hypomethylation at the eight CpG sites most related to STC2 expression was identified as independent factors for HNSC prognosis. STC2 was positively correlated with cancer-associated fibroblasts infiltration and associated with the infiltration of various immune cells.Conclusion: STC2 can be regarded as a vital prognostic biomarker of HNSC due to its essential roles in immune cell infiltration.