Development of a standardized method to evaluate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination

Abstract Doubts surrounding the potential adverse effects of antimicrobial preservatives have modified the demand of consumers, who increasingly insist on the production of low-level and even preservative-free cosmetics. Protection of the product against microbial contamination is therefore focused on the packaging. This has prompted the emergence of a highly diverse array of so-called “protective”, “overprotective”, and “barrier” packaging. However, these designations are not normalized and the choice of the right packaging adapted to each cosmetic product is still essentially empirical, hazardous, and time consuming. The Cosmetic Valleys cluster has launched a commission to define a complete and experimentally-validated method to classify the level of protection of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination. As reported herein, this required the development a specific bacteriostatic medium that can be used for seven days and an in vitro procedure that reproduces in-use contamination and consumer practices. Based on tests performed on over 800 packages of different origin and performance characteristics, we propose a classification, divided into six grades, to differentiate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging. This work can be considered as a first step towards a regulatory text.

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Development of a standardized method to evaluate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19549/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chloe Catovic ◽

Sylvia Martin ◽

Sephane Desaint ◽

Christine Borges ◽

Helene Lesouhaitier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Protective Efficiency ◽

Cosmetic Product ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right ◽

Preservative Free ◽

Different Origin

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Development of a standardized method for the evaluation of the microbial protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19549/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chloe Catovic ◽

Sylvia Martin ◽

Sephane Desaint ◽

Christine Borges ◽

Helene Lesouhaitier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Protective Efficiency ◽

Protection Level ◽

Low Level ◽

Cosmetic Product ◽

The Right ◽

Different Origins ◽

Preservative Free

Abstract The doubt regarding adverse effects of antimicrobial preservative, has modified the demand by the consumers which impose more and more the production of low-level and even preservative free cosmetics. In these products, protection against microbial contamination is therefore devoted to the packaging. This have prompted the emergence of a great diversity of so called “protective”, “overprotective” and “barrier” packaging, but this designation is not normalized and the choice of the right packaging adapted to each cosmetic product remains essentially empirical, hazardous and time consuming. The cluster Cosmetic Valleys decided to launch a commission aimed at defining a complete and experimentally validated method allowing to classify the microbiological protection level of cosmetic packaging. As reported herein, this was requiring the development a specific bacteriostatic medium usable over 7 days and an in vitro procedure reproducing in-use contamination and consumer gesture. On the basis of tests realized over 800 packs of different origins and performances, a classification in six grades was proposed in order to distinguish the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging. This work can be considered is a first step towards a regulatory text.

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Lower-Limb Speed and Foot Preference in Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1115 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1115-1118 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Misaki Iteya ◽

Carl Gabbard ◽

Morihiko Okada

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Statistical Evidence ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Foot Tapping ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right ◽

A Performance

Foot preference and performance characteristics of gross-motor lower-limb speed of tapping were examined in 606 4- to 6-yr.-olds. Analysis indicated no effect for gender; however, speed of foot tapping increased significantly across the three ages, suggesting an association with selected developmental (neuromuscular) processes. Contrary to earlier reports on handedness, there was no statistical evidence that mixed- or left-footers were at a performance disadvantage compared to right-footers. All groups performed best with the right foot, limb differentiation (right versus left) being significant for the right- and mixed-footed groups. Speculation about maturational and environmental influences is given.

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Abstract 651: An in Vitro Model to Test Possible Adverse Effects of Electrical Devices on ICD Function

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.118.suppl_18.s_593-c ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽

Author(s):

Madeleine T Friedman ◽

Theodore J MacVeigh ◽

Peter L Friedman

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Fibrillation ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Pulse Generator ◽

Video Endoscopy ◽

Electrical Devices ◽

Vitro Model ◽

The Right ◽

Distance Interaction

Devices such as capsules swallowed to perform video endoscopy (VE-CAP) or cell phones equipped with Bluetooth® (BLUE) emit electrical signals which could have adverse effects on implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). We sought to study whether signals from VE-CAP or BLUE could cause spurious inhibition of ventricular pacing (VP i ) or spurious detection of ventricular fibrillation (VF d ) in an in vitro model. A Medtronic D154ATG single chamber ICD was attached to a Medtronic 6948 lead and placed in a saline bath. The ICD was programmed to perform VVI pacing at 60 beats per minute (bpm) and to detect ventricular fibrillation as rates in excess of 188 bpm, with sensitivity programmed at 0.15 mV. ICD therapies were programmed off. A VE-CAP was placed in the saline bath 1 cm. and 6 cm. from the lead tip (LEAD) and then 1 cm. and 6 cm. from the ICD pulse generator (CAN). Marker channels recorded by wireless telemetry from the ICD were used to determine whether the VE-CAP caused interaction (+) or no interaction (−). BLUE was tested in similar fashion. Radiofrequency (RF) electocautery from a Bovie, which is known to result in VP i and VF d , was applied to the saline bath 1 and 6 cm from the lead and 1 and 6 cm from the pulse generator as a control. The results were as follows: ICD lead tips in the right ventricular apex overlie the diaphragm and are often within 1 cm of the transverse colon. However, even at this distance, interaction between a VE-CAP and an ICD resulting in VP i or VF d is unlikely to occur. Capsule video endoscopy in patients with ICDs should be safe, even in patients who are pacemaker dependent. Similarly, BLUE is unlikely to cause VP i or VF d, and should be safe in such patients.

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Biopolymer Composites for Slow Release to Manage Pimelea Poisoning in Cattle

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Emilie Gauthier ◽

Diane Ouwerkerk ◽

Bronwyn Laycock ◽

Mary Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Slow Release ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Fluid Accumulation ◽

Toxic Plants ◽

Beef Producers ◽

Biopolymer Composites ◽

Microbial Environment ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right

Cattle grazing the pastures of inland Australia can be poisoned by ingestion of certain native Pimelea plant species, particularly Pimelea trichostachya and Pimelea simplex. The Pimelea toxin, simplexin, causes often fatal restriction of the pulmonary venules, with resultant heart impacts and characteristic fluid accumulation (oedema) of the jaw and brisket regions. In certain years heavy livestock losses can occur. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or antidote for Pimelea poisoning and the only management strategy is to reduce contact between toxic plants and susceptible stock, for beef producers to avoid potentially devastating poisoning events. Nevertheless, previous research has demonstrated that prolonged low dose feeding diminished the effect in animals. It was postulated that the animal exposed to prolonged low doses developed a mechanism for detoxifying simplexin, possibly through adaptation of the rumen microbial environment. The present study seeks to investigate the use of a biopolymer/toxin composite to foster toxin-degrading microbe populations. The objectives are to manufacture biopolymer composites based on biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and/or polycaprolactone (PCL), as toxin slow-release systems for the rumen that would have broad utility across a range of plant toxins and other beneficial rumen compounds. The poster covers the manufacturing, characterisation and performance of the biopolymers in a simulated rumen environment. Preliminary results of different biopolymers/composites containing Pimelea material and toxin extracts in an in vitro simulated rumen environment for up to 30 days are presented. It was found that the release rate could be tailored by choosing the right type of biopolymer.

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The right field for us: How congruence between personal values and those supported by the academic context impacts interest, motivation and performance

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e578192014-148 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Bonita London ◽

Rainer Romero-Canyas

Keyword(s):

Personal Values ◽

Academic Context ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right

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Evaluation of 99mTc-Label led Vitamin K4 as an Agent for Testicular Imaging

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1629552 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 30 (01) ◽

pp. 35-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. S. Durak ◽

M. Kitapgi ◽

B. E. Caner ◽

R. Senekowitsch ◽

M. T. Ercan

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Left Testis ◽

Wide Range ◽

Activity Ratios ◽

The Right ◽

Radioactivity Levels

Vitamin K4 was labelled with 99mTc with an efficiency higher than 97%. The compound was stable up to 24 h at room temperature, and its biodistribution in NMRI mice indicated its in vivo stability. Blood radioactivity levels were high over a wide range. 10% of the injected activity remained in blood after 24 h. Excretion was mostly via kidneys. Only the liver and kidneys concentrated appreciable amounts of radioactivity. Testis/soft tissue ratios were 1.4 and 1.57 at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Testis/blood ratios were lower than 1. In vitro studies with mouse blood indicated that 33.9 ±9.6% of the radioactivity was associated with RBCs; it was washed out almost completely with saline. Protein binding was 28.7 ±6.3% as determined by TCA precipitation. Blood clearance of 99mTc-l<4 in normal subjects showed a slow decrease of radioactivity, reaching a plateau after 16 h at 20% of the injected activity. In scintigraphic images in men the testes could be well visualized. The right/left testis ratio was 1.08 ±0.13. Testis/soft tissue and testis/blood activity ratios were highest at 3 h. These ratios were higher than those obtained with pertechnetate at 20 min post injection.99mTc-l<4 appears to be a promising radiopharmaceutical for the scintigraphic visualization of testes.

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Enhanced Increases in Cytosolic Ca2+ in ADP-Stimulated Platelets from Patients with Delta-Storage Pool Deficiency – A Possible Indicator of Interactions between Granule-Bound ADP and the Membrane ADP Receptor

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655971 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (02) ◽

pp. 376-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Bruce Lages ◽

Harvey J Weiss

Keyword(s):

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Limited Range ◽

Dense Granule ◽

Receptor Desensitization ◽

Fura 2 ◽

Storage Pool ◽

Low Levels ◽

The Right

SummaryThe possible involvement of secreted platelet substances in agonist- induced [Ca2+]i increases was investigated by comparing these increases in aspirin-treated, fura-2-loaded normal platelets and platelets from patients with storage pool deficiencies (SPD). In the presence and absence of extracellular calcium, the [Ca2+]i response induced by 10 µM ADP, but not those induced by 0.1 unit/ml thrombin, 3.3 µM U46619, or 20 µM serotonin, was significantly greater in SPD platelets than in normal platelets, and was increased to the greatest extent in SPD patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), in whom the dense granule deficiencies are the most severe. Pre-incubation of SPD-HPS and normal platelets with 0.005-5 µM ADP produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the [Ca2+]i response induced by 10 µ M ADP, but did not alter the [Ca2+]i increases induced by thrombin or U46619. Within a limited range of ADP concentrations, the dose-inhibition curve of the [Ca2+]i response to 10 µM ADP was significantly shifted to the right in SPD-HPS platelets, indicating that pre-incubation with greater amounts of ADP were required to achieve the same extent of inhibition as in normal platelets. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that the smaller ADP-induced [Ca2+]i increases seen in normal platelets may result from prior interactions of dense granule ADP, released via leakage or low levels of activation, with membrane ADP receptors, causing receptor desensitization. Addition of apyrase to platelet-rich plasma prior to fura-2 loading increased the ADP-induced [Ca2+]i response in both normal and SPD-HPS platelets, suggesting that some release of ADP derived from both dense granule and non-granular sources occurs during in vitro fura-2 loading and platelet washing procedures. However, this [Ca2+]i response was also greater in SPD-HPS platelets when blood was collected with minimal manipulation directly into anticoagulant containing apyrase, raising the possibility that release of dense granule ADP resulting in receptor desensitization may also occur in vivo. Thus, in addition to enhancing platelet activation, dense granule ADP could also act to limit the ADP-mediated reactivity of platelets exposed in vivo to low levels of stimulation.

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