Impacts from Wildfires on Livestock Health and Production: Producer Perspectives

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity across the Western United States. However, there is limited information available on the impacts these fires are having on the livelihood of livestock producers and their animals. This work presents the results of a survey evaluating the direct and indirect impacts of the 2020 wildfire season on beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goat, producers in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Seventy completed surveys were collected between May and July 2021. While dairy producers reported no direct impacts from the fires, beef, sheep, and goat producers were impacted by evacuations and pasture lost to fires. Only beef producers reported losses due to burns and burn-associated deaths or euthanasia. Dairy, beef, sheep, and goat producers observed reduced conception, poor weight gain, and drops in milk production. All but dairy producers also observed pneumonia. Lower birthweights, increased abortion rates, and unexplained deaths were reported in beef cattle, sheep, and goats. This work documents the wide-ranging impacts of wildfires on livestock producers and highlights the need for additional work defining the health impacts of fire and smoke exposure in livestock, as well as the policy changes needed to support producers experiencing direct and indirect losses.

170 Effectiveness of On-line Webinars for Delivering Extension Education to Beef Producers Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Extension programs in Kentucky were canceled in March 2020. In order to continue reaching beef producers, a webinar series was developed. The initial series was eight weekly evening sessions. Sessions were streamed live on a video meeting and social media platform and were recorded for future viewing. Programs consisted of a presentation followed by a question-and-answer session, covering multi-disciplinary topics related to beef management. Following each session, participants were asked to complete a survey to gauge the effectiveness of the programs using a series of questions with responses on a 5-point Likert scale. The average number of responses was 17 and ranged from 4–31 respondents per session. Knowledge level before and after the presentation was asked for a given topic to assess the increase in subject awareness/understanding (1: not very knowledgeable; 5: very knowledgeable). The average response across all respondents (n = 138) for pre-program knowledge was 2.98, and the average response post-program was 4.37. This represented a 46.6% change across all topics covered in the post-attendance surveys. The most common age demographic represented by survey respondents was 50–59 years of age, and 84% of respondents reported previously participating in a webinar. Participants were asked to evaluate the webinar technology in terms of its ease of access (1: not very easy; 5: very easy), and the average response was 4.64. Participants were asked to evaluate the material presented in each session for its usefulness (1: not very useful; 5- very useful), and the average response was 4.71. When asked if the webinar was an effective use of time (1: not very useful; 5: very useful), the average response was 4.8. Overall, webinars were an effective means of delivering Extension education related to beef cattle management in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Integration of ISO 22000 (2018) and HAS 23000 through Management System Audit: Case Study in Corned Beef Producer

Integrated Management System (IMS) based audit can assist the internal and external auditor to conduct an audit effectively and efficiently while checking compliance of Food Safety Management System and Halal Assurance System in the food industry. Corned beef is a product categorized as critical both in terms of halal and food safety. Implementing a food safety management system and halal assurance in corned beef industries is a challenge for producers and external auditors from inspection agencies. Based on the requirements equality approach, an Integrated Management System can be developed, referring to ISO 22000 : 2018 and HAS 23000. This research aims to combine the requirements of ISO 22000 : 2018 and HAS 23000 to be used for audit activity, as well as formulating recommendations for the corned beef producers in both requirements based on a new version of ISO 22000 : 2018. According to the analysis of requirements equality on each requirement objective, there are 14 of 30 sub-clauses of ISO 22000 : 2018 that can be integrated with 9 HAS criteria. There are 2 HAS criteria that cannot be integrated with sub clauses of ISO 22000 : 2018, namely criteria number 4 material and 5 product. When the IMS clauses are used in audit to one of corned beef company, the percentage of compliance with the IMS requirements is 90.6% in PT XYZ. The nonconformities related to ISO 22000 : 2018 found on a new clause that has not existed in the previous version ISO 22000: 2005. This gap creates some recommendations for PT XYZ. However, IMS based audit makes the audit for halal and food safety compliance be more effective that can combine checking of food safety and halal in one audit. Furthermore, IMS based audit makes the audit be more time efficient, by reducing the mandays.

NEW BALANCE: TRENDS AND DYNAMICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEAT HUB IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PANDEMICTIVENESS

In the meat balance of Kazakhstan, the defining place belongs to beef, which cannot be replaced by other types of meat, since each of them has specific taste qualities, amino acid composition and nutritional value. However, a sharp decline in the production of beef products of cattle breeding during the years of market transformations led to a significant reduction in the consumption of beef and veal by the population against the background of a decrease in the supply of domestic meat and a significant increase in its import supplies in frozen form, mainly from far-abroad countries. As a result of increased competition between producers of certain types of meat, beef producers were not in the best economic position. The urgency of solving the problem of the development of the domestic meat market in-creases due to the loss of Kazakhstan's food security for this type of food. The purpose of the study was to develop theoretical, methodological and methodological provisions of recommendations for the development of the market of meat products of cattle breeding in Kazakhstan. The object of the study was agricultural producers and meat processing enterprises. The scientific novelty is as follows: the theoretical foundations of the functioning of the market of meat and meat products as a complex and dynamically developing multifunctional pro-duction and economic system are revealed.

Using Genomics to Measure Phenomics: Repeatability of Bull Prolificacy in Multiple-bull Pastures

Phenotypes are necessary for genomic evaluations and management. Sometimes genomics can be used to measure phenotypes when other methods are difficult or expensive. Prolificacy of bulls used in multiple-bull pastures for commercial beef production is an example. A retrospective study of 79 bulls aged 2-year-old and older used 141 times in 4-5 pastures across 4 years was used to estimate repeatability from variance components. Traits available before each season’s use were tested for predictive ability. Sires were matched to calves using individual genotypes and evaluating exclusions. A lower cost method of measuring prolificacy was simulated for 5 pastures using the bulls’ genotypes and pooled genotypes to estimate average allele frequencies of calves and of cows. Repeatability of prolificacy was 0.62 ± 0.09. A combination of age-class and scrotal circumference accounted for less than 5 % of variation. Simulated estimation of prolificacy by pooling DNA of calves was accurate. Adding pooling of cow DNA or actual genotypes both increased accuracy about the same. Knowing a bull’s prior prolificacy would help predict future prolificacy for management purposes and could be used in genomic evaluations and research with coordination of breeders and commercial beef producers.

Using Genomics to Measure Phenomics: Repeatability of Bull Prolificacy in Multiple-Bull Pastures

Phenotypes are necessary for genomic evaluations and management. Sometimes genomics can be used to measure phenotypes when other methods are difficult or expensive. Prolificacy of bulls used in multiple-bull pastures for commercial beef production is an example. A retrospective study of 79 bulls aged 2 and older used 141 times in 4–5 pastures across 4 years was used to estimate repeatability from variance components. Traits available before each season’s use were tested for predictive ability. Sires were matched to calves using individual genotypes and evaluating exclusions. A lower-cost method of measuring prolificacy was simulated for five pastures using the bulls’ genotypes and pooled genotypes to estimate average allele frequencies of calves and of cows. Repeatability of prolificacy was 0.62 ± 0.09. A combination of age-class and scrotal circumference accounted for less than 5% of variation. Simulated estimation of prolificacy by pooling DNA of calves was accurate. Adding pooling of cow DNA or actual genotypes both increased accuracy about the same. Knowing a bull’s prior prolificacy would help predict future prolificacy for management purposes and could be used in genomic evaluations and research with coordination of breeders and commercial beef producers.

Evaluación de dos fuentes suplementarias de clorhidrato de zilpaterol sobre la calidad de la carne y los rasgos de la canal de toros Bos indicus cruzados en los trópicos

It was studied the effect of two zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) brands on carcass and meat quality traits of crossbred Bos indicus young bulls under tropical conditions. The patented ZH formulation (Zilmax®, ZHp) and a generic brand (Zipamix®, ZHg) were added to the feed (6 ppm) for 30 d before slaughter. Animals (n= 288) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets, with 32 animals per pen and 3 replicates, for a total of 96 bulls per treatment: 1) basal diet without ZH (Control), 2) basal diet supplemented with Zipamix® at 6 ppm in the diet, as fed-basis (ZHg), and 3) basal diet supplemented with Zilmax® at the same concentration in the feed (ZHp). Carcass yield traits were significantly improved by ZH supplementation. Carcasses of ZH-treated bulls were 6-9 kg heavier (P=0.0023) and produced about 8-10 kg more of lean tissue (P<0.0001) as compared to the Control group. Carcass quality traits were less affected by ZH supplementation. Among meat quality attributes, ultimate pH of ZHg (5.81) and ZHp (5.89) was higher (P=0.0022) than that of the Control (5.78). Results showed both ZH brands, when administered for 30 d before slaughter, as recommended by the manufacturer, improve most carcass yield traits without compromising carcass or meat quality attributes. Hence, tropical beef producers may use the ZH formulation of lowest cost to improve their productivity.

Beef Consumption Pattern in Brazil

Brazil is one of the world’s leading beef producers. The goal of this chapter is to give an overview of how Brazilian beef production is important to Brazil and worldwide. We also give an overview of some aspects of red meat consumption in this country and the main tendencies regarding sustainability production. The economic importance of beef production is Brazil is based on secondary data and the main content about beef consumption is based on researchs conducted by the authors that interviews Brazilian consumers. The chapter focus in some concepts, concerns and factors that affects consumption as symbolic aspects, ethical, health and environmental concerns, brand, herd tracking, guarantees of origin, legal employment, safety and hygiene, animal wellbeing, sustainability and the Carbon Neutral Beef initiative (CNB). Marketing, certification, treaceability and brand strategies conducted by some industries, the red meat premium boutiques in the retailing sector, and the role of brazilian government in meat safety, monitoring and regulation are also covered.