scholarly journals The Treatment Zone Size and Its Decentration Influence Axial Length Grow in Children With Orthokeratology Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiping Lin ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Tianpu Gu ◽  
Chunyu Tang ◽  
Bei Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Topography ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Zone Size ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Treatment Zone ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Lens Wear

Abstract Background: To investigate whether the treatment zone size (TZS) and treatment zone decentration (TZD) will affect the axial length growth in myopic children undergoing orthokeratology treatment.Methods: A self-controlled retrospective study was conducted on 352 children who met the inclusion criteria. Axial length was measured before and at 12 months after the initial lens wear. Corneal topography was measured at baseline and at each follow-up after lens wear. The Corneal topography obtained from the 12-month visit was used to quantify TZS and TZD for each subject. Cycloplegic refraction was required for all subjects before fitting the orthokeratology lenses. Results: Axial length growth was significantly associated with age, baseline spherical equivalent (SE), TZS, and TZD with univariate linear regression. In groups with both small and large TZS, axial length growth was significantly decreased with large TZD (both P < 0.001). In groups with both small and large TZD, axial length growth was significantly decreased with small TZS (P = 0.027 for small TZD, P = 0.011 for large TZD). Age, SE, and TZD were significantly associated with axial length growth in multiple regression (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Relatively smaller TZS and larger TZD may be beneficial in slowing myopia progression in children with orthokeratology treatment.

scholarly journals The treatment zone size and its decentration influence axial elongation in children with orthokeratology treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiping Lin ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Tianpu Gu ◽  
Chunyu Tang ◽  
Guihua Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Corneal Topography ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Zone Size ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Axial Elongation ◽  
Treatment Zone ◽  
Lens Wear

Abstract Background To investigate whether the treatment zone size (TZS) and treatment zone decentration (TZD) will affect the axial elongation in myopic children undergoing orthokeratology treatment. Methods A self-controlled retrospective study was conducted on 352 children who met the inclusion criteria. Axial length was measured before and at 12 months after the initial lens wear. Corneal topography was measured at baseline and at each follow-up after lens wear. The Corneal topography obtained from the 12-month visit was used to quantify TZS and TZD for each subject. Cycloplegic refraction was required for all children before fitting the orthokeratology lenses. Results Axial elongation was significantly associated with age, baseline spherical equivalent (SE), TZS, and TZD with univariate linear regression. In groups with both small and large TZS, axial elongation was significantly decreased with large TZD (both P < 0.01). In groups with both small and large TZD, axial elongation was significantly decreased with small TZS (P = 0.03 for small TZD, P = 0.01 for large TZD). Age, SE, and TZD were significantly associated with axial elongation in multiple regression (all P < 0.01). Conclusion Relatively smaller TZS and larger TZD may be beneficial in slowing myopia progression in children with orthokeratology treatment.

Topical atropine in retarding myopia progression and axial length growth in children with myopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman Mohammad Alam ◽  
Md. Sanwar Hossain ◽  
Md. Shafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to observe the effect of atropine in retarding myopia progression and axial length growth in 36 myopic children (atropine group, 24; control, 12). The initial spherical equivalent of the atropine group and control group was -3.0 ± 1.6 dioptre and -3.5 ± 1.6 dioptre respectively. At the 12th month in atropine group, it was -2.9 ± 2.6 dioptre and -4.6 ± 1.9 dioptre in the control group. The power of the atropine group reduced but rose in the control group after 12 months. There was a statistically significant difference in final refractive errors between the two groups (p<0.05). The initial axial length of the atropine group and control group was 24.3± 1.0 mm and 24.6 ± 1.1 mm respectively. In 12th month, the changes in axial length in the two groups was insignificant. However, the mean axial length progression at 12 months of the atropine group was -0.1 ± 0.1 mm and it was lower than the control group which was -0.2 ± 0.2 mm, and this was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, topical atropine (0.01%) retarded myopia progre-ssion and axial length growth in myopic children.    

scholarly journals Use baseline axial length measurements in myopic patients to predict the control of myopia with and without atropine 0.01%

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254061
Author(s):  
Loreto V. T. Rose ◽  
Angela M. Schulz ◽  
Stuart L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Paired Difference ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Slow Progressors ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Change In Mean

Purpose Identifying axial length growth rate as an indicator of fast progression before initiating atropine 0.01% for myopia progression in children. Method From baseline, axial length growth over six months was measured prospectively. Subjects were then initiated on atropine 0.01% if axial length growth was greater than 0.1mm per 6 months (fast progressors), axial length and spherical equivalent change measurements recorded every six months. The rate of change was compared to the baseline pre-treatment rate. If axial length change was below the threshold, subjects received monitoring only. Results 73 subjects were identified as fast progressors and commenced atropine 0.01%, (mean baseline refraction of OD -2.9±1.6, OS -2.9±1.8 and a mean baseline axial length OD 24.62 ± 1.00 mm, OS 24.53 ± 0.99 mm). At six months, the mean paired difference of axial length growth rate was significantly reduced by 50% of baseline (all 73 subjects, p<0.05). 53 subjects followed to 12 months, and 12 to 24 months maintained a reduced growth rate. Change in mean spherical equivalent was significantly reduced compared to pre-treatment refractive error (mean paired difference p<0.05) and at each subsequent visit. 91 children were slow progressors and remained untreated. Their axial length growth rate did not change significantly out to 24 months. Spherical equivalent changed less than -0.5D annually in this group. Conclusion Identifying fast progressors before treatment initiation demonstrated a strong treatment effect with atropine 0.01% reducing their individual rate of myopia progression by 50%. Another large group of myopic children, slow progressors, continued without medical intervention. A baseline axial length growth rate is proposed as a guideline to identify fast progressors who are more likely to benefit from atropine 0.01%.

scholarly journals Myopia progression from wearing first glasses to adult age: the DREAM Study

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316234
Author(s):  
Jan Roelof Polling ◽  
Caroline Klaver ◽  
Jan Willem Tideman
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Treatment Intensity ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Adult Age

PurposeData on myopia progression during its entire course are scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate myopia progression in Europeans as a function of age and degree of myopia from first prescription to final refractive error.MethodsThe Drentse Refractive Error and Myopia Study assessed data from a branch of opticians in the Netherlands from 1985 onwards in a retrospective study. First pair of glasses prescribed was defined as a spherical equivalent of refraction (SER) ≤−0.5 D to ≥−3.0 D. Subjects with prescriptions at an interval of at least 1 year were included in the analysis.ResultsA total of 2555 persons (57.3% female) met the inclusion criteria. Those with first prescription before the age of 10 years showed the strongest progression (−0.50 D; IQR: −0.75 to −0.19) and a significantly (p<0.001) more negative median final SER (−4.48 D; IQR: −5.37 to −3.42). All children who developed SER ≤−3 D at 10 years were highly myopic (SER ≤−6D) as adults, children who had SER between −1.5 D and −3 D at 10 years had 46.0% risk of high myopia, and children with SER between −0.5 D and −1.5 D had 32.6% risk of high myopia. Myopia progression diminished with age; all refractive categories stabilised after age 15 years except for SER ≤−5 D who progressed up to −0.25 D annually until age 21 years.ConclusionOur trajectories of the natural course of myopia progression may serve as a guide for myopia management in European children. SER at 10 years is an important prognostic indicator and will help determine treatment intensity.

Effects of Orthokeratology Lens On Axial Length Elongation in Myopia With Anisometropia Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyang Chen ◽  
Kai-Ming Chen ◽  
Ying Shi ◽  
Zhao-Da Ye ◽  
Sheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

Abstract AimTo investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) lens on axial length (AL) elongation in myopia with anisometropia children.MethodsThirty-seven unilateral myopia (group 1) and fifty-nine bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were involved in this 1-year retrospective study. And bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were divided into group 2A (diopter of the lower SER eye under − 2.00D) and group 2B(diopter of the lower SER eye is equal or greater than − 2.00D). The change in AL were observed.The datas were analysed using SPSS 21.0.Results(1) In group 1, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eye were 24.70 ± 0.89 mm and 23.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively. In group 2A, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 24.61 ± 0.84 mm and 24.00 ± 0.70 mm respectively. In group 2B, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 25.28 ± 0.72 mm and 24.70 ± 0.74 mm. After 1 year, the change in AL of the L eyes was faster than the H eyes in group 1 and group 2A (all P<0.001).While the AL of the H eyes and L eyes had the same increased rate in group 2B. (2) The effect of controlling AL elongation of H eyes is consistent in three groups (P = 0.559).The effect of controlling AL elongation of L eyes in group 2B was better than that in group 1 and group 2A (P < 0.001). And the difference between group 1 and group 2A has no statistical significance. (3) The AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 1.16 ± 0.55mm to 0.88 ± 0.68mm after 1 year in group 1.And in group 2A, the AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 0.61 ± 0.34mm to 0.48 ± 0.28mm. There was statistically significant difference (all P<0.001). In group 2B, the baseline AL difference in H eyes and L eyes has no significant difference from that after 1 year (P = 0.069).ConclusionsMonocular OK lens is effective on suppression AL growth of the myopic eyes and reduce anisometropia value in unilateral myopic children. Binocular OK lenses only reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye under − 2.00D. Binocular OK lenses cannot reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye equal or greater than − 2.00D. Whether OK lens can reduce refractive anisometropia value is related to the spherical equivalent refractive of low refractive eye in bilateral myopia with anisometropia children after 1-year follow-up.

scholarly journals Time Course of Perceived Visual Distortion and Axial Length Growth in Myopic Children Undergoing Orthokeratology

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Liu ◽  
Yiyuan Wu ◽  
Hua Bi ◽  
Biying Wang ◽  
Tianpu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Transient Elevation ◽  
Lens Wear

Purpose: To establish the time course of the subjective visual function changes during the first month of orthokeratology treatment in myopic children, and to investigate how the time course variations are associated with the objective optical quality changes and the axial length growth (ALG) after 1 year of treatment.Methods: A total of 58 myopic children aged from 8 to 16 years participated in this self-controlled prospective study. All subjects were fitted with designed spherical four-zone orthokeratology lenses. Subjective visual function was evaluated with orientation discrimination threshold (ODT), and objective optical quality was quantified with the high-order aberration root-mean-square (HOA-RMS) and the changing speed of HOA. The measurements were done before the lens fitting and 1 day, 1-, 2-, and 4-weeks after lens wear. Axial length was obtained at baseline and 1-year follow-up, and ALG was defined as the difference. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the difference for statistical analysis.Results: After lens fitting, the ODT time courses peaked on day 1 in 28 children, 1 week in 15 children, 2 weeks in 11 children, and 4 weeks in 4 children. In contrast, the HOA-RMS steadily rose during the first month, and the changing speed of HOA was only transiently elevated on day 1 after the initial lens wear. The ALG was 0.12 ± 0.20 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked at day 1, 0.08 ± 0.09 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked on 1-week, and 0.12 ± 0.15 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked on 2-week or later. There was no difference in axial growth among the subjects whose ODT peaked at different days (P = 0.734).Conclusion: While half ODT time course resembled the changing speed of HOA with a transient elevation on day 1, about a quarter of the ODT time course resemble the steadily rising of HOA-RMS, and the rest was located in the middle. The ALGs in children with different types of ODT time courses were similar.

scholarly journals Axial length growth difference between eyes after monocular laser refractive surgery: eight patients who underwent myopic laser ablation for both eyes at intervals of several years

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenghai Weng ◽  
Fei Xia ◽  
Dang Xu ◽  
Xingtao Zhou ◽  
Liangcheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Refractive Surgery ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Growth Difference ◽  
Laser Refractive Surgery

Abstract Background Myopia is a global public health issue. Controlling myopia progression is a primary focus of myopia studies today. Peripheral retinal myopic defocus is considered the mechanism for reduced myopia progression in orthokeratology studies. The topographic change in the front corneal surface after laser refractive surgery and orthokeratology procedures may appear similar. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of myopic laser ablation on axial length (AL) growth. Methods Myopic patients who underwent monocular excimer laser refractive surgery first in one eye and then in another eye several years later because of myopia occurrence or myopia progression were recruited. The axial length elongation and refraction (spherical equivalent) between the two eyes were observed and compared. Results A total of 8 myopic patients were enrolled in the study. The AL increased from 24.52 ± 0.96 mm to 24.68 ± 1.03 mm but without significance (T = 1.49, P > 0.05) in the ablated eyes. The AL increased significantly from 23.73 ± 0.91 mm to 24.26 ± 0.95 mm in the nonablated eyes (T = 6.76, P < 0.001). The AL elongation of the ablated eyes with 0.16 ± 0.30 mm growth was significantly lower than that of the nonablated eyes with 0.53 ± 0.32 mm growth (T = 8.98, P < 0.001). The spherical equivalent (SE) increased significantly in the ablated eyes (− 0.59 ± 0.21 (D), T = 6.36, P < 0.001) and in the nonablated eyes (− 0.97 ± 0.55 (D), T = 4.91, P < 0.01), and the difference between the two eyes was significant (T = 3.05, P < 0.05). Conclusions The inhibitory effect of myopic laser ablation on AL elongation reported in the limited case studies argues for animal research on its efficacy as a new intervention for myopia progression.

scholarly journals Predictive factors associated with axial length growth and myopia progression in orthokeratology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0218140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeryung Kim ◽  
Dong Hui Lim ◽  
Sun Hyup Han ◽  
Tae-Young Chung
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Length Growth

Results with Posterior Scleral Reinforcement for Progressive Highly Myopic Children in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémi Széll ◽  
Adrienn Boross ◽  
Andrea Facskó ◽  
Zoltán Sohajda
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Improvement ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Posterior Scleral Reinforcement ◽  
Nonoperated Group

Abstract Purpose We have been performing posterior scleral reinforcement in our ophthalmological department since 1992 on progressive highly myopic eyes. Here, we report on our results with this technique in the foregoing 7 years in a retrospective comparative design. Methods Thirty-eight eyes of 32 patients, operated according to Snyder-Thompsonʼs method, were enrolled in this study, and a control group of 9 age- and myopia-matched childrenʼs 14 eyes was built for comparison. Pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, subjective refractive error (spherical equivalent of spectacle dioptres), and axial length were recorded. Changes within groups were calculated, as well as baseline parameters and their changes during follow-up, and compared between the groups. Correlation analysis was performed to identify factors that could influence myopia progression. Results Myopic progression was significantly lower in the operated than in the nonoperated group, both in terms of mean annual axial length as well as refractive error changes (0.21 ± 0.08 mm versus 0.49 ± 0.19 mm and 0.18 ± 0.29 D versus 0.6 ± 0.33 D, respectively). Mean overall visual improvement was more explicit in operated eyes as compared to those left untreated (0.15 ± 0.09 versus 0.01 ± 0.1). No association of any factor with myopia progression could be identified. We encountered no serious or lasting complications. Conclusion In our clinical practice, posterior scleral reinforcement according to Snyder-Thompson proved to be a safely applicable and effective surgical method to stop or significantly retard pathological increases in axial length and dioptres, and thus can help prevent the onset of myopic degenerative lesions, and irreversible visual impairment in the long run.

scholarly journals A Cooperative Management App for Parents with Myopic Children Wearing Orthokeratology Lenses: Mixed Methods Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10316
Author(s):  
Chi-Chin Sun ◽  
Gen-Yih Liao ◽  
Li-Ling Liao ◽  
Li-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
High Satisfaction ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Lens Wear

Orthokeratology (OK) lens wear is an effective modality to inhibit axial elongation in myopic children. Willingness for commitment from both parents and children contributes to the success of OK treatment. We aimed to develop and assess the usability of a mobile application on OK lens wear by quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating parents with myopic children and eye care professionals (ECPs). Moreover, the preliminary outcome was also evaluated in this study. The app was developed and tested using a co-design approach involving key stakeholders. Two prototype tests were conducted during the feasibility and utility assessment. The app features include self-reported compliance documentation, analytics, and personalized and generalized messages for compliance behaviors of OK lenses. After the trial period, the full usage of app functions ranged from 40% to 60% among the enrolled parents. After app implementation, the compliance with follow-up visits substantially improved. Qualitative data show that the high-satisfaction app functions reported by parents were the app’s reminder and axial length recording, although it was recommended that the number of compliance questions should be reduced to minimize the survey completion time. Additionally, who should complete the recording of the axial length data as well as the management and reminder for the follow-up visit remained controversial. This is the first app developed to improve parents of myopic children’s compliance with OK lens wear and to assist ECPs and parents in collaboratively monitoring and managing the use and care of OK lenses among myopic children. This study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the design, development, and validation of such an app.

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