scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics of 208 Patients with COVID-19 in a Surrounding City of Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Dodji Kossi Djakpo ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
Light Group

Abstract Background: Since December 2019, a severe novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) has occurred in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread to the country and around the world. This study intends to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in a surrounding city of Wuhan.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 208 cases of COVID -19 patients from February 11, 2020 to February 29, 2020 in Xiaogan dongnan Hospital, collected basic information, history of exposure, medical history, clinical symptoms, laboratory indicators and pulmonary imaging Data, and analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all patients. According to the clinical classification criteria, 208 patients were divided into light group and ordinary group, and the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared.Results: Among 208 patients in this study, with a median age of 50.5 years (IQR,36-64.7,range,10-91 years), among which 107 (51.4%) were males and 101 (48.6%) were females. 51 (24.5%) had a clear exposure to COVID-19 infection within 2 weeks before admission, and 40 (19.2%) had a history of residence or exposure in Wuhan within 2 weeks before admission. Among all the patients, there were 16 (7.7%) with pulmonary diseases, 41 (19.7%) with hypertension, 11 (5.3%) with coronary heart disease, 13 (6.3%) with diabetes, 12(5.8%) with a history of alcohol consumption, and 12(5.8%) with a history of smoking. Among all clinical symptoms, 146 cases (70.2%) of fever, the highest temperature range was 37.3℃-41℃ before admission, 115 (55.3%) cases of cough, and 57 (27.4%) cases of chest tightness, 47 (22.6%) cases of fatigue, 28 (13.5%) cases of inappetence, 9 (4.3%) cases of diarrhea, 7 (3.4%) cases of nasal congestion or runny nose , and 5 ( 2.4%) cases of pharyngalgia. Analysis of the laboratory results of 208 patients showed that 42 (20.2%) cases had decreased white blood cell count, and 61 (29.3%) cases had decreased lymphocyte count. There were 154 (74%) cases with elevated CRP, 50 (24%) cases with elevated fasting blood glucose, and 23 (11.1%) cases with elevated LDH (>245U/L). The comparison of clinical characteristics between the light group and the common group showed that the median age of the light group was 44.8 years (IQR 30-58), the median age of the common group was 53.1 years (IQR 38.8-67) (P<0.01). The symptoms of fever [53(80.3%) vs 93(65.5%),P<0.05], fatigue [53(80.3%) vs 93(65.5%),P<0.05] and inappetence [4(6.1%) vs 24(16.9%),P<0.05] in the light group were less than those in the common group. The white blood cell count (5.48 vs 6.37, P<0.05), lymphocyte count (1.40 vs 1.61, P<0.05) and HDL-C (1.5 vs 1.3, P<0.05) of the common group were lower than that of the light group, while CRP (26.5 vs 22.1, P<0.01), AST (22.9 vs 18.5, P<0.05), fasting blood glucose (5.8 vs 5.6, P<0.05), LDH (196.8 vs 157.9, P<0.001) of the common group were higher than that of the light group.Conclusion: COVID-19 infection is mainly in middle-aged and elderly patients, patients with other diseases are more susceptible to infection. The main symptoms of COVID-19 infection were fever, cough, chest tightness, fatigue, and inappetence. Decreased lymphocyte count, increased CRP concentration, increased LDH concentration and decreased HDL-C concentration were the laboratory features of COVID-19 infection, and were important indicators to assess the severity of COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics of 208 patients with COVID-19 in a surrounding city of Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Dodji Kossi Djakpo ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
Light Group

Abstract Background: Since December 2019, a severe novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) has occurred in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread to the country and around the world. This study intends to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in a surrounding city of Wuhan.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 208 cases of COVID -19 patients from February 11, 2020 to February 29, 2020 in Xiaogan dongnan Hospital, collected basic information, history of exposure, medical history, clinical symptoms, laboratory indicators and pulmonary imaging Data, and analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all patients. According to the clinical classification criteria, 208 patients were divided into light group and ordinary group, and the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared.Results: Among 208 patients in this study, with a median age of 50.5 years (IQR,36-64.7,range,10-91 years), among which 107 (51.4%) were males and 101 (48.6%) were females. 51 (24.5%) had a clear exposure to COVID-19 infection within 2 weeks before admission, and 40 (19.2%) had a history of residence or exposure in Wuhan within 2 weeks before admission. Among all the patients, there were 16 (7.7%) with pulmonary diseases, 41 (19.7%) with hypertension, 11 (5.3%) with coronary heart disease, 13 (6.3%) with diabetes, 12(5.8%) with a history of alcohol consumption, and 12(5.8%) with a history of smoking. Among all clinical symptoms, 146 cases (70.2%) of fever, the highest temperature range was 37.3℃-41℃ before admission, 115 (55.3%) cases of cough, and 57 (27.4%) cases of chest tightness, 47 (22.6%) cases of fatigue, 28 (13.5%) cases of inappetence, 9 (4.3%) cases of diarrhea, 7 (3.4%) cases of nasal congestion or runny nose , and 5 ( 2.4%) cases of pharyngalgia. Analysis of the laboratory results of 208 patients showed that 42 (20.2%) cases had decreased white blood cell count, and 61 (29.3%) cases had decreased lymphocyte count. There were 154 (74%) cases with elevated CRP, 50 (24%) cases with elevated fasting blood glucose, and 23 (11.1%) cases with elevated LDH (>245U/L). The comparison of clinical characteristics between the light group and the common group showed that the median age of the light group was 44.8 years (IQR 30-58), the median age of the common group was 53.1 years (IQR 38.8-67) (P<0.01). The symptoms of fever [53(80.3%) vs 93(65.5%),P<0.05], fatigue [53(80.3%) vs 93(65.5%),P<0.05] and inappetence [4(6.1%) vs 24(16.9%),P<0.05] in the light group were less than those in the common group. The white blood cell count (5.48 vs 6.37, P<0.05), lymphocyte count (1.40 vs 1.61, P<0.05) and HDL-C (1.5 vs 1.3, P<0.05) of the common group were lower than that of the light group, while CRP (26.5 vs 22.1, P<0.01), AST (22.9 vs 18.5, P<0.05), fasting blood glucose (5.8 vs 5.6, P<0.05), LDH (196.8 vs 157.9, P<0.001) of the common group were higher than that of the light group.Conclusion: COVID-19 infection is mainly in middle-aged and elderly patients, patients with other diseases are more susceptible to infection. The main symptoms of COVID-19 infection were fever, cough, chest tightness, fatigue, and inappetence. Decreased lymphocyte count, increased CRP concentration, increased LDH concentration and decreased HDL-C concentration were the laboratory features of COVID-19 infection, and were important indicators to assess the severity of COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Mutations in domain V of Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA are not associated with clinical characteristics of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a case control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Deng ◽  
Yifan Zhu ◽  
Jiamin Zhang ◽  
Qiangquan Rong ◽  
Yao Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Domain V

Abstract Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults that can lead to refractory or persistent Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Macrolide-resistant MP harbors point mutations in domain V of 23S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) with substitutions detected at positions 2063, 2064, 2067 and 2617. This study’s purpose is to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of mutations in domain V of MP 23S rRNA. Methods We sequenced the 23S rRNA domain V of MP strains collected from children with MPP. Clinical and laboratory data were also obtained, including gender, age, duration of fever, duration of fever after the start of macrolide therapy, MP-Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) load at enrollment, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count, immunomodulators treatment and pulmonary complications.Results Of 276 strains, 255 (92.39 %) harbored A to G transition at the position 2063 (A2063G), and 21 (7.61 %) were not mutated. There were no significant differences in gender, age, duration of fever, duration of fever after the start of macrolide therapy, MP-DNA load at enrollment, hospitalization days, lymphocyte count and pulmonary complications when patients were stratified based on the presence or absence of domain V mutations. We also found that children with refractory MPP experienced higher MP-DNA load than the non-refractory MPP, but the prevalence of domain V mutations was comparable.Conclusions We found that clinical MP strains harbored very high mutation rate in 23S rRNA domain V, especially A2063G mutation. However, these mutations were not associated with clinical symptoms, laboratory results, pulmonary complications and development of refractory pneumonia. Instead, MP-DNA load was significantly different between refractory and non-refractory MPP.

scholarly journals Risk factors and clinical features of deterioration in COVID-19 patients in Zhejiang, China: a single- centre, retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yi ◽  
Xiang Yang ◽  
Cheng Ding ◽  
Yanfei Chen ◽  
Kaijin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Abstract BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection swept through Wuhan and spread across China and overseas beginning in December 2019. To identify predictors associated with disease progression, we evaluated clinical risk factors for exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodsA retrospective analysis was used for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019)-diagnosed hospitalized cases between January 19, 2020, and February 19, 2020, in Zhejiang, China. We systematically analysed the clinical characteristics of the patients and predictors of clinical deterioration.ResultsOne hundred patients with COVID-19, with a median age of 54 years, were included. Among them, 49 patients (49%) had severe and critical disease. Age ([36-58] vs [51-70], P=0.0001); sex (49% vs 77.6%, P=0.0031); Body Mass Index (BMI ) ([21.53-25.51] vs [23.28-27.01], P=0.0339); hypertension (17.6% vs 57.1%, P<0.0001); IL-6 ([6.42-30.46] vs [16.2-81.71], P=0.0001); IL-10 ([2.16-5.82] vs [4.35-9.63], P<0.0001); T lymphocyte count ([305- 1178] vs [167.5-440], P=0.0001); B lymphocyte count ([91-213] vs [54.5-163.5], P=0.0001); white blood cell count ([3.9-7.6] vs [5.5-13.6], P=0.0002); D2 dimer ([172-836] vs [408-953], P=0.005), PCT ([0.03-0.07] vs [0.04-0.15], P=0.0039); CRP ([3.8-27.9] vs [17.3-58.9], P<0.0001); AST ([16, 29] vs [18, 42], P=0.0484); artificial liver therapy (2% vs 16.3%, P=0.0148); and glucocorticoid therapy (64.7% vs 98%, P<0.0001) were associated with the severity of the disease. Age and weight were independent risk factors for disease severity.ConclusionDeterioration among COVID-19-infected patients occurred rapidly after hospital admission. In our cohort, we found that multiple factors were associated with the severity of COVID19. Early detection and monitoring of these indicators may reduce the progression of the disease. Removing these factors may halt the progression of the disease. In addition, Oxygen support, early treatment with low doses of glucocorticoids and liver therapy, when necessary, may help reduce mortality in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals Risk Factors and clinical features of deterioration of COVID-19 Patients in Zhejiang, China: a single-centered, retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yi ◽  
Xiang Yang ◽  
Cheng Ding ◽  
Yanfei Chen ◽  
Kaijin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Artificial Liver ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Abstract BackgroundA severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection swept through Wuhan and spread across China and overseas from December 2019. To identify predictors associated with disease progression, we evaluate clinical risk factors of exacerbation of SARS-CoV2 infection. Methoda retrospective analysis was used for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) diagnosed hospitalized cases between January 19, 2019 and February 19, 2020 in Zhejiang, China. We systematically analyzed the clinical characteristics of the patients and predictors of clinical deterioration.Result100 patients with COVID-19 were included, with median age of 54 years. Among them, 49 cases (49%) were severe and critical cases. Age (P=0.0001), gender (P=0.0031), BMI (P=0.0339), hypertension (P<0.0001), IL6 (P=0.0001), IL10 (P<0.0001), T lymphocyte count (P=0.0001), B lymphocyte count (P=0.0001), White blood cell count (P=0.0002), d2 dimer (P=0.005), PCT (P=0.0039), CRP (P<0.0001), AST (P=0.0484) and artificial liver therapy (P=0.0148), glucocorticoid therapy (P<0.0001) were associated with the severity of the disease. Age and overweigh were independent risk factors for disease severity. ConclusionDeterioration among covid-19 infected patients occurred rapidly after hospital admission, it is necessary to pay attention to these patients. In our cohort, we found that several factors resulted in increased severity. Among these factors, Early detection and reversal of these indicators may reduce the progression of the disease. In addition, early treatment with low doses of glucocorticoids and necessary liver therapy may help reduce mortality in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Epidemic: Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Pediatric Isolation Ward

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1069-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhu ◽  
Yabin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Chest Ct ◽  
General Ward ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme ◽  
Abnormal Chest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive Judgment ◽  
Isolation Ward

In order to accurately admit children with COVID-19 to an isolation ward, our study retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics of children in isolation wards during the COVID-19 epidemic. It was found that 55 cases (83.3%) had fever and 48 cases (72.7%) coughed in the isolated area, 31 cases (47%) had a history of exposure, 26 cases (39.4%) had a decrease in lymphocytes (LYM), more than half had an increase in lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme, 14 cases (21.2%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, 58 cases (87.9%) had abnormal chest computed tomography (CT), and 11 cases (16.7%) had sinus arrhythmia. Therefore, for some suspected children with COVID-19, we can make a comprehensive judgment through clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, LYM number, myocardial enzyme spectrum, chest CT, and electrocardiogram; put these children in an isolation ward for treatment; and then transfer them to a general ward for treatment after excluding COVID-19.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With a History of Stroke in Wuhan, China

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 2219-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Qin ◽  
Luoqi Zhou ◽  
Ziwei Hu ◽  
Sheng Yang ◽  
Shuoqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
History Of

Background and Purpose: Information on stroke survivors infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. The aim of this study was to describe specific clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke. Methods: All the confirmed cases of COVID-19 at Tongji Hospital from January 27 to March 5, 2020, were included in our cohort study. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between patients with and without a history of stroke. Results: Of the included 1875 patients with COVID-19, 50 patients had a history of stroke. The COVID-19 patients with medical history of stroke were older with more comorbidities, had higher neutrophil count, and lower lymphocyte and platelet counts than those without history of stroke. The levels of D-dimers, cardiac troponin I, NT pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and interleukin-6 were also markedly higher in patients with history of stroke. Stroke survivors who underwent COVID-19 developed more acute respiratory distress syndrome and received more noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Data from propensity-matched analysis indicated a higher proportion of patients with COVD-19 with a history of stroke were admitted to the intensive care unit requiring mechanical ventilation and were more likely to be held in the unit or die, compared with non-stroke history COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke had more severe clinical symptoms and poorer outcomes compared with those without a history of stroke.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics of 6 patients with SARS-Cov-2 infected severe pneumonia in Zunyi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Fu ◽  
Kun Qian ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Xiaoyun Fu ◽  
Miao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Blood Purification ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radiological Changes ◽  
Medical University

Abstract Purpose To study the clinical characteristics, laboratory examination, radiological changes and treatments of 6 patients with severe SARS-Cov-2 infected pneumonia in Zunyi City, China.MethodsThe clinical data, laboratory examination, radiological changes and clinical treatment process of 6 patients with severe SARS-Cov-2 infected pneumonia admitted to the Department of Critical Medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.Results Four of the six patients were older than 65 years. Two patients had a history of exposure to Wuhan, and four patients had family clustering infection. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were dry cough (4, 66%) and fever (4, 66%). Laboratory tests showed that white blood cell count, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-10, and urea nitrogen elevated. The Total lymphocyte count and T lymphocyte count decreased. All patients received antiviral therapy, blood purification, immunomodulatory therapy, and Chinese herb treatments. One patient was discharged from the hospital, and 5 patients' condition improved significantly. ConclusionT lymphocyte decreased significantly, IL-6 and IL-10 elevated in severe SARS-Cov-2 infected pneumonia patients. Elderly patients with comorbidities appear to be more severe and to recover more slowly. Blood purification can be tried for severe and critically ill patients. Early identification and timely treatment of critical cases is of crucial importance.

scholarly journals Clinical Symptoms Used for Screening Diabetic Populations with Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Siti Marlina ◽  
I Dewa Putu Pramantara ◽  
Hari J. Kusnanto ◽  
Mark Alan Graber
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Birth History ◽  
History Of

Background: The annual prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. With this growing concern, the identification of clinical symptoms in high risk populations, such as those with a family history of diabetes, is becoming increasingly important.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the use of clinical symptoms and history as a screening tool for diabetes mellitus (DM) in a population with a family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).Methods: The design of this research was a cross sectional study. The subjects of this study were a sample population with family history of T2DM living in Kasihan and Sewon District of Bantul Regency. Data were collected through interviews with questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, total cholesterol tests, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose tests. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. For screening purposes, validity was performed against risk factors with fasting blood glucose as a gold standard.Results: Prevalence of DM was 30.5%, and prediabetes 26.5%. Body Mass Index (BMI) prevalence =23 kg/m2 59.02%, hypertension 42.62%, physical inactivity 21.31%, and dyslipidemia 78.69%. Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss were significantly associated with T2DM. Birth history of weight =4 kg or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was a risk factor associated with T2DM incidence (p = 0.018; OR: 1.93; CI 95%: 1.12-3.34). The sensitivity of a combination of several factors, birth history of baby =4 kg or GDM with dyslipidemia (sensitivity 87.3% specificity 40.9%), birth history of weight =4 kg or GDM with dyslipidemia and hypertension (sensitivity 94.7% specificity 26.7%), combination of the five factors studied (sensitivity 92.3% specificity 50%). Combination of birth history of heavy baby =4kg or GDM and BMI = 23 kg/m2  and hypertension had a likelihood ratio of 9.Conclusions: This study determined the prevalence of T2DM in populations with a family history of diabetes is high, with birth history of weight = 4 kg or GDM as a factor associated with T2DM, and other clinical symptoms having a fairly high prevalence. Therefore, a comprehensive lifestyle change needs to be done.

scholarly journals Mutations in domain V of Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA are not associated with clinical characteristics of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a case control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Deng ◽  
Yifan Zhu ◽  
Jiamin Zhang ◽  
Qiangquan Rong ◽  
Yao Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Domain V

Abstract Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults that can lead to refractory or persistent Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Macrolide-resistant MP harbors point mutations in domain V of 23S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) with substitutions detected at positions 2063, 2064, 2067 and 2617. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of mutations in domain V of MP 23S rRNA. Methods We sequenced the 23S rRNA domain V of MP strains collected from children with MPP. Clinical and laboratory data were also obtained, including gender, age, duration of fever, duration of fever after the start of macrolide therapy, MP-Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) load at enrollment, leukocyte count, neutrophil, and lymphocyte count, immunomodulators treatment and pulmonary complications. Results Of 276 strains, 255 (92.39 %) harbored A to G transition at the position 2063 (A2063G), and 21 (7.61 %) were not mutated. There were no significant differences in gender, age, duration of fever, duration of fever after the start of macrolide therapy, MP-DNA load at enrollment, hospitalization days, lymphocyte count and pulmonary complications when patients were stratified based on the presence or absence of domain V mutations. We also found that children with refractory MPP experienced higher MP-DNA load than the non-refractory MPP, but the prevalence of domain V mutations was no statistical difference. Conclusions We found that clinical MP strains harbored very high mutation rate in 23S rRNA domain V, especially A2063G mutation. However, these mutations were not associated with clinical symptoms, laboratory results, pulmonary complications and development of refractory MPP. Instead, MP-DNA load was significantly different between refractory and non-refractory MPP.

Group: The More Primitive Psychology?: A Review of Some Paradigms in Group Dynamics

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. D. Blomfield
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Object Relations Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Group Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
Binding Power

Comment is made on the concept of “paradigm” in contrast with the attitude of mind implicit in Husserl's “phenomenological reduction”. Merleau-Ponty's development of Husserl's phenomenology brings into focus our intersubjective enmeshment with a shared world, a view denied by traditional emphasis on individuality and objectivity. An outline of the origins of group life and individual valency is sketched by consideration of child development and object-relations theory, broadened by the insights of R. D. Laing. W. R. Bion's formulations on the work and basic assumption groups are seen as a description of the group expression of primal patterns of instinctual life. R. Schindler of Vienna has distinguished pre-group from group and has described the binding power of the group's opponent (G) function. His description of fixated group positions represents a sophistication of the ethological concept of pecking-order. This institutionalization is seen as a step in the formation, maturation and decay of a group's structure. Some interrelation is seen between Bion's and Schindler's ideas. The relevance of these dynamic models of the natural history of groups to interpretative technique is discussed, leading to a consideration of H. Ezriel's analysis of the common group tension into required, avoided and calamitous relationships.

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