scholarly journals Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Abstract Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

scholarly journals Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Homologous Sequences ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

scholarly journals Molecular-Based Cross-Species Evaluation of Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Homologous Sequences ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching.Methods: In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species. Continuous surveillance of BCoV in the country is thus critical to avert future surge and probable increase in host range.

scholarly journals Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Homologous Sequences ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

scholarly journals Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cattle Rearing

Abstract Background Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry, particularly with respect to cattle rearing, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank. Results The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3%, consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed between our isolates and those from elsewhere. Conclusions Given that Ghana predominantly practices the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

scholarly journals Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Burimuah ◽  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Homologous Sequences ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Goat Flocks Bred in State of Ceará in Association with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Renato Mesquita Peixoto ◽  
Alice Andrioli ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves ◽  
Vanderlan Warlington Souza Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
The State ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae

Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza-MRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB. Animals that reacted positive for M. agalactiae were all females of pure breed with milk production aptitude in distinct mesoregions submitted to intensive rearing system. None of these animals was positive in neither test (AGID or WB) for CAE. Therefore, no correlation of results obtained in diagnosis of M. agalactiae by ELISA and CAEV by AGID or WB (P < 0.05) was identified. However, two out of three productions that were positive for M. agalactiae presented positive results for CAEV with frequencies of 10% and 20%.Discussion: Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in Ceará State was low in comparison with other Brazilian states and even other countries. However, the presence of the pathogen in more than one mesoregion indicates that the disease occurs in different locations within the State. Therefore, flocks in Ceará are susceptible to the infection, which may be favored by uncontrolled commerce that occurs with deficient surveillance, associated with the importation of animals to improve flock genetic quality. The presence of the pathogen in dairy goats may contribute to significant losses in the local production. On the other hand, CAE was diagnosedin nearly all productions proving the dissemination of this lentivirus infection among dairy goat flocks in Ceará State. Although an association between these diseases was not identified, the presence of a retrovirus in the organism may favor co-infection with another micro-organism, promoting the deficiency in the immune system of the host. In conclusion, M. agalactiae is present in different mesoregions of the Ceará State and control measures should be adopted in short term to prevent pathogen dissemination and, consequently reduce economic and productive losses in the local dairy goat production. No correlation was identified between the prevalence of infection by CAEV and M. agalactiae in this study.Keywords: correlation, diagnosis, caprine lentivirus, mycoplasmosis.

scholarly journals A Targeted Survey for Scrapie in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
O. O. Nwankiti ◽  
E. I. Ikeh ◽  
O. A. Arowolo ◽  
A. J. Nwankiti ◽  
M. O. Odugbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Casualty Slaughter ◽  
Plateau State

Scrapie, a disease of sheep and goats with a progressive course and fatal outcome, has not been identified in Nigeria. Anecdotal scrapie reports by livestock workers abound. Livestock diseases like scrapie form huddles in livestock economics of countries. For 8 months we surveyed for scrapie targeting emergency/casualty slaughter sheep and goats in Jos, Nigeria. We clinically examined 510 sheep and 608 goats of local breeds, aged from 12 months to 5 years. In total 31 (5.10%) goats and no sheep were clinically suspicious for scrapie. Caudal brainstem tissues of suspect animals collected postmortem were analyzed for the disease specific form of the prion protein, PrPSc, using Bio-Rad’s TeSeE ELISA rapid test kit. No sample was positive for scrapie. Fluorescent antibody test for rabies and H&E staining on samples were carried out for differential diagnosis. These showed no pathological lesions indicative for neurological disease. While our findings do not exclude the presence of scrapie in Jos, we demonstrate that targeted sampling of small ruminants for neuroinfectious disease is feasible in developing countries, pointing to the possibility of implementing such a monitoring scheme in Nigeria to prevent economic losses in small ruminant livestock as scrapie caveats from endemic countries have shown.

scholarly journals Crystal Structure of Classical Swine Fever Virus NS5B Reveals a Novel N-Terminal Domain

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Li ◽  
Baixing Wu ◽  
Wibowo Adian Soca ◽  
Lei An
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Terminal Domain

ABSTRACTClassical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the cause of classical swine fever (CSF). Nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that is a key enzyme initiating viral RNA replication by ade novomechanism. It is also an attractive target for the development of anti-CSFV drugs. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of CSFV RNA synthesis, here, we solved the first crystal structure of CSFV NS5B. Our studies show that the CSFV NS5B RdRp contains the characteristic finger, palm, and thumb domains, as well as a unique N-terminal domain (NTD) that has never been observed. Mutagenesis studies on NS5B validated the importance of the NTD in the catalytic activity of this novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Moreover, our results shed light on CSFV infection.IMPORTANCEPigs are important domesticated animals. However, a highly contagious viral disease named classical swine fever (CSF) causes devastating economic losses. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the primary cause of CSF, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genusPestivirus, familyFlaviviridae. Genome replication of CSFV depends on an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) known as NS5B. However, the structure of CSFV NS5B has never been reported, and the mechanism of CSFV replication is poorly understood. Here, we solve the first crystal structure of CSFV NS5B and analyze the functions of the characteristic finger, palm, and thumb domains. Additionally, our structure revealed the presence of a novel N-terminal domain (NTD). Biochemical studies demonstrated that the NTD of CSFV NS5B is very important for RdRp activity. Collectively, our studies provide a structural basis for future rational design of anti-CSFV drugs, which is critically important, as no effective anti-CSFV drugs have been developed.

scholarly journals Towards Heat Stress Management in Small Ruminants – A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani Al-Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Small ruminants (sheep and goats) play a predominant role in the economy of million people, and have provided meat, milk, skin, wool and fiber for centuries. Animals undergo various kinds of stressors, i.e. physical, nutritional, chemical, psychological and heat stress (HS). Among all, HS is the most concerning at present in the ever-changing climatic scenario. Climate change is the most serious long-term challenge faced by small ruminants’ owners worldwide. HS results in decreased growth, reproduction, production, milk quantity and quality, as well as natural immunity, making animals more vulnerable to diseases, and even death. Thus, HS results in great economic losses, emphasizing the necessity to objectively assess animal welfare. The increasing demand for animal products paralleled by the frequent hot climate is a serious threat for the agriculture sector. The ability of sheep and goats to cope with HS without harming their welfare and productive performance has been often overrated. To date, little attention has been paid to comprehensive detailed data on the adverse effect of HS on sheep and goats. Therefore, this review discusses in detail the sheep and goats’ behavioral, physiological, molecular/cellular, hematological, biochemical and immunological responses under HS conditions. In addition, this review also presents the adverse effects of HS on reproduction and fertility, milk quantity and quality, feed intake, and water consumption of sheep and goats. Finally, this review suggests various methods for HS alleviation. In conclusion, HS impairs productivity and well-being in sheep and goats. The improved understanding of the impact of HS on small ruminants will help in developing management techniques to alleviate HS and highlighting the need for future researches on HS in sheep and goats.

scholarly journals Senecavirus-Specific Recombination Assays Reveal the Intimate Link between Polymerase Fidelity and RNA Recombination

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Haiwei Wang ◽  
Jiabao Shi ◽  
Decheng Yang ◽  
Guohui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Polymerase Fidelity ◽  
Rdrp Region ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ABSTRACTSenecavirus A (SVA) is a reemerging virus, and recent evidence has emphasized the importance of SVA recombinationin vivoon virus evolution. In this study, we report the development of an infectious cDNA clone for the SVA/HLJ/CHA/2016 strain. We used this strain to develop a reporter virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which we then used to screen for a recombination-deficient SVA by an eGFP retention assay. Sequencing of the virus that retained the eGFP following passage allowed us to identify the nonsynonymous mutations (S460L alone and I212V-S460L in combination) in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of the genome. We developed a Senecavirus-specific cell culture-based recombination assay, which we used to elucidate the role of RdRp in SVA recombination. Our results demonstrate that these two polymerase variants (S460L and I212/S460L) have reduced recombination capacity. These results indicate that the RdRp plays a central role in SVA replicative recombination. Notably, our results showed that the two recombination-deficient variants have higher replication fidelity than the wild type (WT) and display decreased ribavirin sensitivity compared to the WT. In addition, these two mutants exhibited significantly increased fitnessin vitrocompared to the WT. These results demonstrate that recombination and mutation rates are intimately linked. Our results have important implications for understanding the crucial role of the RdRp in virus recombination and fitness, especially in the molecular mechanisms of SVA evolution and pathogenicity.IMPORTANCERecent evidence has emphasized the importance of SVA recombination on virus evolutionin vivo. We describe the first assays to study Senecavirus A recombination. The results show that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase plays a crucial role in recombination and that recombination can impact the fitness of SVA in cell culture. Further, SVA polymerase fidelity is closely related to recombination efficiency. The results provide key insights into the role of recombination in positive-strand RNA viruses.

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