scholarly journals Impact of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in Children 5 to 10 Years in Kita and Bafoulabe Districts, Mali.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sory Ibrahim Diawara ◽  
Jules Mihigo ◽  
Drissa Konate ◽  
Protais Ndabamenye ◽  
Eric Swedberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routine Data ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mild Anemia ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Intervention District

Abstract Background : Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is the administration of complete therapeutic courses of antimalarial to all children 3–59 months old during the malaria transmission season. This study measured coverage, impact and cost of adding SMC in children aged 5-10 years. Methods : A non-randomized, pre-post design, with an intervention (Kita) and control (Bafoulabe) district implemented SMC for children 5-10 years old through the health system in 2017 and 2018. SMC implementation consisted of the administration of SP + AQ at monthly intervals in children 5-10 years in July, August, September and October annually. Baseline and endline household surveys were conducted in both districts. Separate surveys to measure adherence and tolerance to treatment occurred annually in the intervention district (200 households) following each of the four treatment rounds. Routine data on malaria cases tested and treated and information on SMC campaign and treatment costs were collected. Results : A total of 310 and 323 children 5 to 10 years were included in Kita and Bafoulabe respectively in the baseline survey in July 2017, plasmodium infection prevalence was comparable in the two districts (p=0.07): 27.7% in the intervention district (Kita) against 21.7% in the comparison district (Bafoulabé). Mild anemia was found in 14.2% of children in Kita vs 10.5% in Bafoulabé. Household survey found 89.1% of SMC coverage rate, child’s mothers were interviewed with 93.3% during the SMC campaign in Kita. The most side effect reported by parents was vomiting with 9.3%. One year after SMC implementation in 5 to 10 years in Kita, three doses coverage was 81.2%, there was a reduction by 40% (OR=0.60, CI:0.41-0.89) of malaria parasite carriage; 21% and 62% reduction of simple malaria and severe malaria prevalence respectively in the pilot district vs control. Mild anemia and severe anemia were comparable in the two districts. The level of malaria molecular resistance rate remains below the threshold. Quintuple mutation (dhfr triple +dhps437+dhps540) remained <5% after intervention in both districts.Conclusion: The SMC strategy contributed to malaria prevention in 5-10 year old children and should be integrated to SMC for children 3-59 months. Keywords : Malaria, Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention, Sulfadoxine-Pyriméthamine, Amodiaquine, Anemia.

scholarly journals Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: infection prevalence, knowledge and use of malaria prevention tools in the province of Nyanga, Gabon

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou ◽  
Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo ◽  
Pater Noster Sir-Ondo-Enguier ◽  
Julie Niemczura De Carvalho ◽  
Nathalie Pernelle Tsafack-Tegomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Plasmodial Infection

Abstract Background There is little information on the social perception of malaria and the use of preventative measures in Gabon, especially in rural areas. Adequate knowledge of malaria prevention and control can help in reducing the burden of malaria among vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and children under 5 years old living in malaria-endemic settings. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malaria and the knowledge and attitude towards this disease in households in Nyanga Province. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess malaria knowledge, prevention practices and prevalence of the malaria infection in five departments of Nyanga Province. Plasmodial infection was diagnosed in children  ≤ 5 years of age and women aged 15-49 years using rapid diagnostic tests. A questionnaire was administered randomly to women aged 15–49 years and to the parents or guardians of children aged ≤ 5 years in 535 households during a 2-week period in March 2018. Overall, the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of malaria, malaria prevention practices and malaria prevalence were evaluated and compared across the five departments. Results Data from a total of 1,307 participants were included in this study, including 631 women of childbearing age (61 of them pregnant) and 676 children. Practically the entire (97.7%) interviewed population had heard about malaria and attributed the cause of malaria to a mosquito bite (95.7%). This survey revealed that the reported rate of reported bed-net use was 73.3%. The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 13.9%. All departmental capitals of Nyanga Province had a significant level of malaria infection except for Mayumba where no plasmodial infection was found. Conclusion High malaria prevalence is found in the departmental capital cities of Nyanga Province. This study reveals that respondents have a high knowledge of the malaria symptoms, its mode of transmission and preventive measures. Despite this high level of knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures, the incidence of malaria remains relatively high in this rural community highlighting the need for other types of interventions.

scholarly journals Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: infection prevalence, knowledge and use of malaria prevention tools in the province of Nyanga, Gabon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roméo Karl IMBOUMY-LIMOUKOU ◽  
Sydney MAGHENDJI-NZONDO ◽  
Pater Noster SIR-ONDO-ENGUIER ◽  
Julie NIEMCZURA DE CARVALHO ◽  
Nathalie Pernelle TSAFACK TEGOMO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Plasmodial Infection

Abstract Background There is little information on the social perception of malaria and the use of preventative measures in Gabon, especially in rural areas. Adequate knowledge of malaria prevention and control can help in reducing the burden of malaria among vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and children under five years old living in malaria-endemic settings. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malaria and the knowledge and attitude towards this disease in households in Nyanga Province. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess malaria knowledge, prevention practices and prevalence of the malaria infection in five departments of Nyanga Province. Plasmodial infection was diagnosed in children ≤5 years of age and women aged 15-49 years using rapid diagnostic tests. A questionnaire was administered randomly to women aged 15-49 years and to the parents or guardians of children aged ≤5 years in 535 households during a 2-week period in March 2018. Overall, the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of malaria, malaria prevention practices and malaria prevalence were evaluated and compared across the five departments.Results Data from a total of 1,307 participants were included in this study, including 631 women of childbearing age (61 of them pregnant) and 676 children. Practically the entire (97.7%) interviewed population had heard about malaria and attributed the cause of malaria to a mosquito bite (95.7%). This survey revealed that the reported rate of reported bed-net use was 73.3%. The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 13.9%. All departmental capitals of Nyanga Province had a significant level of malaria infection except for Mayumba where no plasmodial infection was foundConclusion High malaria prevalence is found in the departmental capital cities of Nyanga Province. This study reveals that respondents have a high knowledge of the malaria symptoms, its mode of transmission and preventive measures. Despite this high level of knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures, the incidence of malaria remains relatively high in this rural community highlighting the need for other types of interventions.

scholarly journals Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: infection prevalence, knowledge and use of malaria prevention tools in the province of Nyanga, Gabon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roméo Karl IMBOUMY-LIMOUKOU ◽  
Sydney MAGHENDJI-NZONDO ◽  
Pater Noster SIR-ONDO-ENGUIER ◽  
Julie NIEMCZURA DE CARVALHO ◽  
Nathalie Pernelle TSAFACK TEGOMO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Plasmodial Infection

Abstract Background: There is little information on the social perception of malaria and the use of preventative measures in Gabon, especially in rural areas. Adequate knowledge of malaria prevention and control can help in reducing the burden of malaria among vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and children under five year old living in malaria endemic settings. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malaria and the knowledge and attitude towards this disease in households in the Nyanga Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess malaria knowledge, prevention practices and prevalence of the malaria infection in five departments of the Nyanga Province. Plasmodial infection was diagnosed in children ≤ 5 years of age and women aged 15-49 years using rapid diagnostic tests. A questionnaire was administered randomly to women aged 15-49 years and to the parents or guardians of children aged ≤ 5 years in 535 households during a two weeks period in March 2018. Overall, the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge on malaria, malaria prevention practices and malaria prevalence were evaluated and compared across the five departments.Results: Data from a total of 1,307 participants were included in this study, including 631 women of childbearing age (including 61 pregnant women) and 676 children. Practically the entire (97.7%) interviewed population had already heard about malaria and attributed the cause of malaria to a mosquito bite (95.7%). This survey revealed that the reported rate of reported bednet use was 73.3%. The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 13.9%. All departmental capitals of the Nyanga province had a significant level of malaria infection except for the Mayumba where no plasmodial infection was foundConclusion: High malaria prevalence is found in the departmental capital cities of the Nyanga province. This study reveals that respondents have a high knowledge of the malaria symptoms, its mode of transmission and preventive measures. Despite this high level of knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures, the incidence of malaria remains relatively high in this rural community highlighting the need for other types of interventions.

User fees removal and community-based management of undernutrition in Burkina Faso: what effects on children’s nutritional status?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
David Y Zombré ◽  
Manuela De Allegri ◽  
Valéry Ridde ◽  
Kate Zinszer
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Community Level ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
Intervention District ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objective: To examine the effect of an intervention combining user fees removal with community-based management of undernutrition on the nutrition status in children under 5 years of age in Burkina Faso. Design: The study was a non-equivalent control group post-test-only design based on household survey data collected 4 years after the intervention onset in the intervention and comparison districts. Additionally, we used propensity score weighting to achieve balance on covariates between the two districts, followed by logistic multilevel modelling. Setting: Two health districts in the Sahel region. Participants: Totally, 1116 children under 5 years of age residing in 41 intervention communities and 1305 from 51 control communities. Results: When comparing children living in the intervention district to children living in a non-intervention district, we determined no differences in terms of stunting (OR = 1·13; 95 % CI 0·83, 1·54) and wasting (OR = 1·21; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·64), nor in severely wasted (OR = 1·27; 95 % CI 0·79, 2·04) and severely stunted (OR = 0·99; 95 % CI 0·76, 1·26). However, we determined that 3 % of the variance of wasting (95 % CI 1·25, 10·42) and 9·4 % of the variance of stunting (95 % CI 6·45, 13·38) were due to systematic differences between communities of residence. The presence of the intervention in the communities explained 2 % of the community-level variance of stunting and 3 % of the community-level variance of wasting. Conclusions: With the scaling-up of the national free health policy in Africa, we stress the need for rigorous evaluations and the means to measure expected changes in order to better inform health interventions.

scholarly journals Cross-Study of Malaria Prevalence in History, Bed Net Utilization, and Knowledge about the Disease among Tanzanian College Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Yakobo Nyahoga ◽  
Zanda Bochkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Two Factors

University campuses are potential reservoirs of infectious diseases, but they are not in the research focus. It is obvious that the use of malaria preventive tools is extremely necessary in campus conditions in endemic countries. This study is the first malaria survey, conducted in a student campus in Tanzania. This cross-sectional study uncovered a surprisingly high prevalence of malaria history among students: 89,4% of 246 random respondents assume that they had malaria in history, among whom 145 (58,9%) suffered from the disease during the last year. And although students are relatively confident about the vector, parasite, and prevention measures of the disease, only 44,7% of the students use bed nets and 4,5% use a body spray or ointment daily. The others seldom use spray or ointment or do not care about the problem at all. This situation was found to be associated with two factors, financial and educational. Current results show that students are relatively educated on malaria, but they do not follow the malaria prevention guidance. It has become clear that at least proper informational propaganda of bed net use is required in Tanzanian university campuses.

scholarly journals Treatment of sample under-representation and skewed heavy-tailed distributions in survey-based microsimulation: An analysis of redistribution effects in compulsory health care insurance in Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Schoch ◽  
André Müller
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Heavy Tailed Distributions ◽  
Heavy Tailed

Abstract The credibility of microsimulation modeling with the research community and policymakers depends on high-quality baseline surveys. Quality problems with the baseline survey tend to impair the quality of microsimulation built on top of the survey data. We address two potential issues that both relate to skewed and heavy-tailed distributions.First, we find that ultra-high-income households are under-represented in the baseline household survey. Moreover, the sample estimate of average income underestimates the known population average. Although the Deville–Särndal calibration method corrects the under-representation, it cannot achieve alignment of estimated average income in the right tail of the distribution with known population values without distorting the empirical income distribution. To overcome the problem, we introduce a Pareto tail model. With the help of the tail model, we can adjust the sample income distribution in the tail to meet the alignment targets. Our method can be a useful tool for microsimulation modelers working with survey income data.The second contribution refers to the treatment of an outlier-prone variable that has been added to the survey by record linkage (our empirical example is health care cost). The nature of the baseline survey is not affected by record linkage, that is, the baseline survey still covers only a small part of the population. Hence, the sampling weights are relatively large. An outlying observation together with a high sampling weight can heavily influence or even ruin an estimate of a population characteristic. Thus, we argue that it is beneficial—in terms of mean square error—to use robust estimation and alignment methods, because robust methods are less affected by the presence of outliers.

Unemployment in Ghana: a cross sectional analysis from demand and supply perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Baah-Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causes of unemployment in Ghana from both labour demand and supply perspectives based on most recent cross sectional data set from one nationally representative household survey and a baseline survey for Millennium Development Support. Design/methodology/approach – A logit regression estimation technique is applied to two different household survey data sets of 2008 and 2013 to capture the effect of labour demand and supply on unemployment. Findings – Using education and age as capability variables to represent supply factors, unemployment is found to increase with education, and declines with age, confirming higher unemployment rate among the youth, than the old. The paper also observes strong influence of demand factors on unemployment based on relatively higher incidence of unemployment fulltime jobseekers relative to part-time jobseekers and seekers of formal or wage-employment and self-employment or SMEs compared with those seeking any job. Other factors such as the individual’s reservation wage, marital status, sex and poverty status as well as their rural-urban location are also found to cause unemployment in Ghana. Practical implications – Unemployment as a result of the inability of individuals to obtain a job of their choice in the midst of strong economic growth in Ghana suggests weak employment content of growth. In contrast, an increasing phenomenon of unemployment with education also reflects a problem of skill mismatch between skills churn out by education and training institutions and skills requirement by firms in the labour market. Originality/value – The originality of the paper and its contribution to existing literature largely emanate from the inclusion of demand factors in a cross sectional analysis of causes of unemployment.

scholarly journals Model-informed target product profiles of long acting-injectables for use as seasonal malaria prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Burgert ◽  
Theresa Reiker ◽  
Monica Golumbeanu ◽  
Joerg J. Moehrle ◽  
Melissa A. Penny
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Long Acting

Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has proven highly efficacious in reducing malaria incidence. However, the continued success of SMC is threatened by the spread of resistance against one of its main preventive ingredients, Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine(SP), operational challenges in delivery, and incomplete adherence to the regimens. Via a simulation study with an individual-based model of malaria dynamics, we provide quantitative evidence to assess long-acting injectables (LAIs) as potential alternatives to SMC. We explored the predicted impact of a range of novel preventive LAIs as a seasonal prevention tool in children aged three months to five years old during late-stage clinical trials and at implementation. LAIs were co-administered with a blood-stage clearing drug once at the beginning of the transmission season. We found the establishment of non-inferiority of LAIs to standard 3 or 4 rounds of SMC with SP-amodiaquine was challenging in clinical trial stages due to high intervention deployment coverage. However, our analysis of implementation settings where the achievable SMC coverage was much lower, LAIs with fewer visits per season are potential suitable replacements to SMC. Suitability as a replacement with higher impact is possible if the duration of protection of LAIs covered the duration of the transmission season. Furthermore, optimizing LAIs coverage and protective efficacy half-life via simulation analysis in settings with an SMC coverage of 60% revealed important trade-offs between protective efficacy decay and deployment coverage. Our analysis additionally highlights that for seasonal deployment for LAIs, it will be necessary to investigate the protective efficacy decay as early as possible during clinical development to ensure a well-informed candidate selection process.

scholarly journals IPM Program Combined with “Rice Fields, Flower Banks” or BIO-IPM Program in Soc Trang Province (Vietnam)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
NGUYEN TRUNG DUNG ◽  
NGUYEN THI NGOC ANH ◽  
PHAM DINH KIEN
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

The paper aims to present the implementation of IPM program in Soc Trang Province in two years 2015 and 2016. To evaluate the program, a lot of primary data was obtained from the farmer household survey at each phase: Baseline survey as before-project (abbreviation S1), implementation of four experimental FFS models according to the Farmer-Field-School approach (S2), survey after FFS implementation (S3), and survey after up scaling or after-project (S4). Totally 1,200 households are in consideration. The comparative methods such as the one-way ANOVA are used to examine differences in mean and variance of agricultural inputs and outputs between different groups S1, S41 and S42. The key innovation of this study includes not only the conventional measures of the IPM program but also biological measures such as “rice fields, flower banks” and green fungus. The main results are a reduction in the use of nitrogen (14.8-17.1%), and pesticides (48-51%), cost savings and higher profits for farmers and a lower environmental impact from growing rice. “Rice fields, flower banks” have not only proven themselves in rice fields but have also spread to villages. The rural landscape is becoming more beautiful in the context of the National Target Program on New Rural Development.

scholarly journals Modeled Impact of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention on District-Level Suspected and Confirmed Malaria Cases in Chad Based on Routine Clinical Data (2013–2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Richardson ◽  
Azoukalne Moukenet ◽  
Mahamat Saleh Issakha Diar ◽  
Monica Anna de Cola ◽  
Christian Rassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
District Level ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Health Management Information System ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
The Impact

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine to children aged 3–59 months is delivered as seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in areas where transmission is highly seasonal such as Chad and other Sahelian countries. Although clinical trials show a 75% reduction in malaria cases, evidence of SMC’s impact at scale remains limited. Using data from the Chadian National Health Management Information System, we analyzed associations between SMC implementation during July–October and monthly district-level malaria incidence (suspected and confirmed outpatient cases) among children aged 0–59 months at health facilities in 23 health districts with SMC implementation during 2013–2018. Generalized additive models were fitted with separate cyclic cubic spline terms for each district to adjust for seasonality in cases. SMC implementation in Chad was associated, compared with no implementation, with lower monthly counts of both suspected (rate ratio [RR]: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.94. P = 0.006) and confirmed malaria cases (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.93, P = 0.003), representing around 20% reduction in malaria incidence. Sensitivity analyses showed effect sizes of up to 28% after modifying model assumptions. Caution should be exercised in interpreting our findings, which may not be comparable with other studies, and may over- or underestimate impact of SMC; not all malaria cases present at health facilities, not all suspected cases are tested, and not all facilities report cases consistently. This study’s approach presents a solution for employing readily available routine data to evaluate the impact of health interventions at scale without extensive covariate data. Further efforts are needed to improve the quality of routine data in Chad and elsewhere.

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