scholarly journals Predicting Dental Caries Increment Using Salivary Biomarkers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Child Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surani Fernando ◽  
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla ◽  
Jeroen Kroon ◽  
Ratilal Lalloo ◽  
Newell W Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Caries Increment

Abstract Background The burden of childhood dental caries amongst Indigenous Australians is higher than that of other Australians. Because of differences in lifestyle and the evolutionary history of the oral microbiota associated risk indicators may differ. Our objective was to evaluate associations between caries increment, salivary biomarkers, and baseline caries status among a rural Indigenous community in Far North Queensland, Australia.MethodsThis study was part of a trial assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent dental caries among children. A baseline epidemiological survey and application of topical caries preventive measures was conducted in 2015, followed-up in 2016 and 2017. Saliva flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and bacterial loads were measured. Caries was scored by the International Caries Detection and Assessment system. The outcome was caries increment. Explanatory variables were sex, being in experimental or comparison group, baseline caries status, saliva flowrate and buffering capacity, pH, and salivary loads of mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB), and yeast. Descriptive statistics assessed frequencies, means and percentages. Chi Square tests compared caries incidence in relation to explanatory variables and Generalised Linear Models with negative binomial regression and log-link explored associations between explanatory and outcome variables. ResultsOf children caries free at baseline, significantly fewer had incipient (p=0.01) and advanced (p=0.04) caries after two years. From Univariate analysis, children in the experimental group experienced fewer tooth surfaces with advanced caries (p=0.02) than children in the comparison group. Having caries at baseline (p=0.02) and low salivary flow rates (p <0.001) saw a significant increase in advanced caries after two years. Children with high salivary loads of MS (p=0.03) and LB (p=0.004) experienced more advanced carious surfaces. Multivariable analysis revealed 58% reduction (p=0.001) in advanced caries among children with high salivary flow rates. Caries increment was 61% (p=0.03) more for incipient and 121% (p=0.007) more for advanced caries among children who harboured higher loads of MS. ConclusionAs with other ethnicities, children with low salivary flow rates and those with high loads of MS had higher incipient and advanced caries increments after two years. These risk assessments can facilitate targeted preventive interventions for such communities. Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), No: ACTRN12615000693527; date of registration: 3rd July 2015.

scholarly journals Predicting dental caries increment using salivary biomarkers in a remote Indigenous Australian child population

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surani Fernando ◽  
Santosh Tadakamadla ◽  
Jeroen Kroon ◽  
Ratilal Lalloo ◽  
Newell W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Caries Increment

Abstract Background The burden of childhood dental caries amongst Indigenous Australians is higher than in other Australians. Because of differences in lifestyle and the evolutionary history of the oral microbiota, associated risk indicators may differ. Here, we evaluate associations between caries increment, salivary biomarkers and baseline caries among children aged 5–17 years residing in a remote rural Indigenous community. Methods This study was part of a trial assessing cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent dental caries among children. Baseline epidemiology and application of topical caries-preventive measures was conducted in 2015, followed-up in 2016 and 2017. Children who did not consent or failed to attend the prevention visits but did attend for follow-up epidemiology constituted a natural comparison group for evaluating the intervention. Saliva flow, pH, buffering and bacterial loads were measured at all visits. Caries was scored by the International Caries Detection and Assessment system. Outcome was caries increment. Explanatory variables were sex, being in experimental or comparison group, baseline caries, saliva flowrate and buffering, pH, and salivary loads of mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB), and yeast. Chi Square tests compared caries incidence in relation to explanatory variables and Generalised Linear Models explored associations between explanatory and outcome variables. Results Of 408 participants at baseline, only 208 presented at 2-year follow-up. Of caries-free children at baseline, significantly fewer had incipient (p = 0.01) and advanced (p = 0.04) caries after two years. Children in the experimental group experienced fewer tooth surfaces with advanced caries (p = 0.02) than comparison children. Having caries at baseline (p = 0.02) and low salivary flow-rates (p < 0.001) saw a significant increase in advanced caries after two years. Children with high salivary loads of MS (p = 0.03) and LB (p = 0.004) experienced more advanced carious surfaces. Multivariable analysis revealed 58% reduction (p = 0.001) in advanced caries among children with high salivary flow rates. Caries increment was 61% (p = 0.03) more for incipient and 121% (p = 0.007) more for advanced caries among children who harboured higher loads of MS. Conclusion As with other ethnicities, children with low salivary flow and those with high MS had higher incipient and advanced caries increments after two years. Such risk assessments facilitate targeted preventive interventions for such communities. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), No: ACTRN12615000693527: 3 July 2015.

scholarly journals ARE CARIOGENIC BACTERIA THE MAJOR RISK FACTOR TO DENTAL CARIES IN PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
Eduardo RODRIGUES ◽  
Nuno LARANJEIRA ◽  
Gonçalo NUNES ◽  
Lídia ROQUE-RAMOS ◽  
Ana VIEIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: High prevalence of dental caries in ulcerative colitis (UC) has been attributed to diet and changes in salivary environment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the prevalence of dental caries, salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and cariogenic bacteria counts of Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp and to evaluate their relationship with drug therapy, disease activity and duration. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with UC patients followed in a tertiary center. Participants were submitted to a questionnaire (including demographic data, oral hygiene, eating habits) and a clinical observation with assessment of plaque index and Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index. Unstimulated/stimulated saliva was collected. Medical records, disease activity (Partial Mayo Score) and disease duration were collected. Laboratory data included salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity (CRT® buffer) and cariogenic bacteria count (Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp) in saliva using the CRT® bacteria test (results: high or low counts). RESULTS: Thirty UC patients were recruited. Oral hygiene routines were daily teeth brushing once or more (96.7%) and fluoride toothpaste (73.3%). Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (mean 16.17±6.428) was not affected by the frequency of soft drinks, cakes, sweets and sugars between meals (P>0.2). Long-term disease showed a trend towards higher prevalence of caries (P=0.06). Most presented normal salivary flow rates, unstimulated (73.3%) and stimulated (60.0%), and high salivary buffering capacity (66.7%). Any association was found with age, gender, disease activity, disease duration and drug therapy. High Mutans streptococci and low Lactobacillus spp count were observed in 73.3% and 60% of patients, respectively. Patients with active disease (100%) and longer duration (88.9%) displayed higher Mutans streptococci count. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dental caries observed in UC patients was significant and did not seem to be influenced by their eating habits. The high prevalence of Mutans streptococci count may be a major risk factor for dental caries and may be looked as part of the UC dysbiosis. Dental care of UC patients should be planned according with this microbiota variation.

scholarly journals Correlation among mutans streptococci counts, dental caries, and IgA to Streptococcus mutans in saliva

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito ◽  
Clélia Aparecida de Paiva Martins ◽  
Ivan Balducci ◽  
Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Aerobic Flora ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Rampant Caries

Two-hundred and forty individuals were studied, divided into five groups as follows: caries-free children, children with caries, children with rampant caries, young adults with and without caries. Whole stimulated saliva was collected and all individuals were investigated for DMFT/dmft according to the WHO criteria and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Quantitative analysis of the total aerobic flora and mutans streptococci in saliva was performed. Also, the level of salivary anti-S. mutans IgA was determined by ELISA. Children with rampant caries showed the highest OHI-S value. The highest total counts of microorganisms were found in the group of children with caries. No statistically significant differences were observed for salivary flow, OHI-S and microorganism counts between the groups of young adults. No correlation between mutans streptococci counts and anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels was observed in the studied groups. A correlation between increased anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels and caries-free status was observed among young adults but not among children.

scholarly journals Study of caries risk factors in a group of Bucharest schoolchildren (2)

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Cristian Funieru ◽  
◽  
Ruxandra Ionela Sfeatcu ◽  
Elena Funieru ◽  
Mihaela Răescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Poor Oral Hygiene ◽  
Real Risk

Introduction. A poor oral hygiene, a wick salivary buffering capacity or a high number of colonies of specific bacteria are real risk factors for dental caries. Material and method. This study was conducted on a sample of 46 students aged 10 to 12 years attending two schools in Bucharest. Oral hygiene assessment was made both by using questionnaires and by calculating the OHI-S score. The salivary risk factors were identified and analyzed using GC Saliva Check Buffer and GC Saliva Check Mutans tests. Results. OHI-S score for the entire group led to a moderate degree of oral hygiene. Almost 40% of pupils had a number of mutans streptococci colonies over the limit. Conclusions. The poor oral hygiene and the high number of mutans streptococci colonies in saliva found in this study lead to a high dental caries risk.

Indicators of Risk for Dental Caries in Children: A Holistic Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fernando ◽  
S.K. Tadakamadla ◽  
M. Bakr ◽  
P.A. Scuffham ◽  
N.W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Annual Household Income

Background Dental caries in children is a major public health problem worldwide, with a multitude of determinants acting upon children to different degrees in different communities. The objective of this study was to determine maternal, environmental, and intraoral indicators of dental caries experience in a sample of 6- to 7-y-old children in South East Queensland, Australia. Methods: A total of 174 mother-child dyads were recruited for this cross-sectional study from the Griffith University Environments for Healthy Living birth cohort study. Maternal education, employment status, and prepregnancy body mass index were maternal indicators, and annual household income was taken as a proxy for environmental indicators. These were collected as baseline data of the study. Clinical data on children’s dental caries experience, saliva characteristics of buffering capacity, stimulated flow rate, and colony-forming units per milliliter of salivary mutans streptococci were collected for the oral health substudy. Univariate analysis was performed with 1-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests. Caries experience was the outcome, which was classified into 4 categories based on the number of carious tooth surfaces. Ordinal logistic regression was used to explore the association of risk indicators with caries experience. Results: Age ( P = 0.021), low salivary buffering capacity ( P = 0.001), reduced levels of salivary flow rate ( P = 0.011), past caries experience ( P = 0.001), low annual household income; <$30,000 (P = 0.050) and <$60,000 (P = 0.033) and maternal employment status ( P = 0.043) were associated with high levels of dental caries. Conclusion These data support the evidence of associations between maternal, environmental, and children’s intraoral characteristics and caries experience among children in a typical Western industrialized country. All of these need to be considered in preventative strategies within families and communities. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by clinicians, epidemiologists, and policy makers to identify children who are at risk of developing dental caries. With consideration of costs for treatment for the disease, this information could be used to plan cost-effective and patient-centered preventive care.

scholarly journals Unstimulated Saliva-Related Caries Risk Factors in Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Unstimulated Salivary Flow, pH, and Buffering Capacity

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa A. Alkhateeb ◽  
Lloyd A. Mancl ◽  
Richard B. Presland ◽  
Marilynn L. Rothen ◽  
Donald L. Chi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Salivary Ph

Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity are associated with dental caries, but studies from the cystic fibrosis (CF) literature are inconclusive regarding these salivary factors and caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate these factors and their associations with dental caries in individuals with CF. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from individuals aged 6-20 years at Seattle Children's Hospital CF Clinic, USA (n = 83). Salivary flow rate was measured in milliliters per minute. Salivary pH was assessed using a laboratory pH meter. Buffering capacity was assessed by titration with HCl. The outcome measure was caries prevalence, defined as the number of decayed, missing, or filled primary and permanent tooth surfaces. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the t test were used to test for bivariate associations. Multiple variable linear regression models were used to (1) run confounder-adjusted analyses and (2) assess for potential interactions. There was no significant association between salivary flow rate or buffering capacity and caries prevalence. There was a significant negative association between salivary pH and caries prevalence, but this association was no longer significant after adjusting for age. There was no significant interaction between salivary flow rate and buffering capacity or between antibiotic use and the 3 salivary factors. Our results indicate that unstimulated salivary factors are not associated with dental caries prevalence in individuals with CF. Future studies should investigate other potential saliva-related caries risk factors in individuals with CF such as cariogenic bacteria levels, salivary host defense peptide levels, and medication use.

scholarly journals Carious lesions in permanent dentitions are reduced in remote Indigenous Australian children taking part in a non-randomised preventive trial

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244927
Author(s):  
Ratilal Lalloo ◽  
Santosh K. Tadakamadla ◽  
Jeroen Kroon ◽  
Lisa M. Jamieson ◽  
Robert S. Ware ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Treatment Standard ◽  
Caries Increment ◽  
Indigenous Children

We tested the effect of an annual caries preventive intervention, delivered by a fly-in/fly-out oral health professional team, with Indigenous children residing in a remote Australian community. Around 600 Indigenous children aged 5 to 17 years were invited to participate at baseline, of who 408 had caregiver consent. One hundred and ninety-six consented to the epidemiological examination and intervention (Intervention group) and 212 consented to the epidemiological examination only (Comparison group). The intervention, which occurred annually, comprised placement of fissure sealants on suitable teeth, and application of povidone-iodine and fluoride varnish to the whole dentition, following completion of any necessary restorative dental treatment. Standard diet and oral hygiene advice were provided. Caries increment (number of tooth surfaces with new dental caries) in both deciduous and permanent dentitions was measured at the 2-year follow-up. Comparison group children had significantly higher number of new surfaces with advanced caries in the permanent dentition than the Intervention group (IRR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.02–2.54; p = 0.04); with a preventive fraction of 43%. The effect of intervention remained significant with children in the Comparison group developing significantly more advanced caries lesions in the permanent dentition than the Intervention group children in the adjusted multivariable analysis (IRR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.03–4.71). Indigenous children exposed to the intervention had less increment in advanced dental caries in the permanent dentition than those not exposed to the intervention.

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