scholarly journals Relationship Between Foot Length and Gestational Age in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyam Sunder Tikmani ◽  
Sana Roujani ◽  
Syed Iqbal Azam ◽  
Haleema Yasmin ◽  
Khadija Bano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
P Value ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
A Prospective Study

Abstract Background: Preterm births have a high risk of mortality. Therefore, knowledge of the gestational age (GA) at birth is crucial to guide the appropriate management of a newborn. Common methods for estimating GA such as the last menstrual period, ultrasonography, and post-natal Ballard scoring have some limitations and are often unavailable in low-resource areas. This study aimed to determine the relationship between foot length and GA in order to develop an equation for predicting GA of the neonates born in Pakistan, a region with high rates of preterm birth and newborn mortality.Methods: We conducted a prospective study in a large obstetric hospital in Pakistan. Data for this analysis were extracted from the hospital files of eligible women by trained study midwives. Midwives were also trained in performing the Ballard examination and taking foot length using a disposable measuring tape within an hour of the birth. The GA was calculated using an android-based GA calculator, which used a report of last menstrual period, ultrasound examination, and Ballard examination. Simple and multiple linear regression were used to construct predicting equations for GA.Results: Both the foot length and GA were available for 1,542 cases. The median GA was 34.5 weeks with an interquartile range (IQR 4.7) and the median foot length was 7 cm (IQR 1.4). There was a positive linear relationship between foot length and GA (r2 81.7%, p-value < 0.001). Stratified analysis showed an r2 of 81.7% for males and 81.6% for females. The r2 for stillbirths was 84.1% and, 82.3% for live births. The r2 for macerated stillbirths was 88.6% and 90.6% for fresh stillbirths.Conclusion: In resource poor settings, the use of foot length can estimate GA in both live births and stillbirths and can easily identify preterm infants. This tool could facilitate early management of preterm births in low-resource settings.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Foot Length And Gestational Age In Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyam Sunder Tikmani ◽  
Sana Roujani ◽  
Syed Iqbal Azam ◽  
Haleema Yasmin ◽  
Khadija Bano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
P Value ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Measuring Tape ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Abstract Background: Neonatal mortality in preterm live births is high. Therefore, knowledge of the gestational age (GA) at birth is crucial for the management and predicting prognosis of a newborn. Common methods for estimating GA such as the last menstrual period, ultrasonography, and post-natal Ballard scoring have some limitations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between foot length and GA and to develop a regression equation for predicting GA of the neonates born in Pakistan. Methods: Data for this analysis were extracted from the hospital files of eligible women by trained study midwives. Midwives were also trained in performing the Ballard examination and taking foot length using a disposable measuring tape within an hour of the birth. The measurement was taken from the mid-point of the heel to the end of the longest toe. The GA was calculated using an android-based GA calculator, which used a report of last menstrual period, ultrasound examination, and Ballard examination. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Scatter plots were constructed to assess the linearity and co-efficient of determination and the correlation was calculated. Simple and Multiple Linear regression was used to construct predicting equations for GA.Results: Both foot length and GA were available for 1542 cases and were analyzed. The median GA was 34.5 weeks with an interquartile range (IQR 4.7) and the median foot length was 7 cm (IQR 1.4). There was a positive linear relationship between foot length and GA (r2 81.7%, p-value <0.001). Stratified analysis showed an r2 of 81.7% for males and 81.6% for females. The r2 for stillbirths was 84.1% and, 82.3% for live births. The r2 for macerated stillbirths was 88.6% and 90.6% for fresh stillbirths. Conclusion: In resource poor settings, the use of foot length can estimate GA in both live births and stillbirths and can easily identify preterm infants to initiate early management.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Foot Length and Gestational Age in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2097420
Author(s):  
Shiyam Sunder Tikmani ◽  
Sana Roujani ◽  
Syed Iqbal Azam ◽  
Haleema Yasmin ◽  
Khadija Bano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
P Value ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Measuring Tape ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Preterm births have a high risk of mortality. Therefore, knowledge of the gestational age (GA) at birth is crucial to guide the appropriate management of a newborn. Common methods for estimating GA such as the last menstrual period, ultrasonography, and post-natal Ballard scoring have some limitations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between foot length and GA to develop and validate an equation for predicting GA of Pakistani newborns. We conducted a prospective study in a large obstetric hospital in Pakistan. Data for this analysis were extracted from the hospital files of eligible women by trained study midwives. Midwives were also trained in performing the Ballard examination and taking foot length using a disposable measuring tape within an hour of the birth. The GA was calculated using an android-based GA calculator. Simple and multiple linear regression were used to construct predicting equations for GA. Both the foot length and GA were available for 1542 cases. The median GA was 34.5 (IQR 4.7) weeks and the median foot length was 7 cm (IQR 1.4). There was a positive linear relationship between foot length and GA ( r2 81.7%, P-value < .001). Stratified analysis showed an r2 of 81.7% for males and 81.6% for females. The r2 for stillbirths was 84.1% and, 82.3% for live births. The r2 for macerated stillbirths was 88.6% and 90.6% for fresh stillbirths. In resource poor settings, the use of foot length can estimate GA in both live births and stillbirths and can easily identify preterm infants.

scholarly journals Determining Gestational Age in a Low-resource Setting: Validity of Last Menstrual Period

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L Darmstadt ◽  
Rebecca E Rosenberg ◽  
ASM Nawshad U Ahmed ◽  
Saifuddin Ahmed ◽  
Samir K Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Low Resource Setting

scholarly journals Prediction of gestational age of newborn by measurement of foot length at birth

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Senthilkumar K. ◽  
Senthilprabhu R. ◽  
Mythili B. ◽  
Ann Mary Zacharias
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Measuring Tape

Background: Gestational age of the newborn can be assessed by various methods. Aim of this study was to estimate the gestational age using foot length of the neonate and to find the correlation between foot length and gestational age assessed by last menstrual period and first trimester ultrasound.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study done at Newborn ward, Department of Pediatrics, MGM Govt. hospital attached to KAP Viswanatham Govt. Medical College, Tiruchirappalli, involving 170 newborns with 10 babies in each gestational age ranging from 26 weeks to 42 weeks. Gestational age of all babies were assessed using last menstrual period, first trimester ultrasound and New Ballard Score soon after birth. Right foot length of each baby was measured from heel to tip of great toe or second toe whichever was longer, within 12-24 hours of life. Measurements were taken using a plastic ruler, measuring tape and by measuring the length of foot print ink impression.  Gestational age obtained by various methods were assessed for their correlation with foot length.Results: Positive correlation was obtained between foot length and gestational age determined by LMP (r= 0.965) and ultrasound (r= 0.964). Hence foot length could be reliably used to predict gestational age of newborn.Conclusions: Foot length measurements can be used as a non-invasive alternative method to assess gestational age of newborn, especially by community health workers and thus can facilitate the early identification of preterm babies.

scholarly journals Early termination of pregnancy: differences in gestational age estimation using last menstrual period and ultrasound in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biani Saavedra-Avendano ◽  
Raffaela Schiavon ◽  
Patricio Sanhueza ◽  
Ranulfo Rios-Polanco ◽  
Laura Garcia-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
Gestational Age Estimation

scholarly journals Evaluating the Agreement of Risk Categorization for Fetal Down Syndrome Screening between Ultrasound-Based Gestational Age and Menstrual-Based Gestational Age by Maternal Serum Markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Pakorn Chaksuwat ◽  
Supatra Sirichotiyakul ◽  
Suchaya Luewan ◽  
Theera Tongsong
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
Second Trimester Screening ◽  
Risk Categorization ◽  
Down Syndrome Screening

Objective. To evaluate the agreement of risk categorization for Down syndrome screening between ultrasound scan-based gestational age (GA) and last menstrual period-based gestational age in both first and second trimesters by maternal serum markers. Methods. Data comprising 4,055 and 4,016 cases of first and second trimester screening were used. The maternal serum markers were analyzed using the ultrasound-based GA and menstrual age. The subjects whose menstrual age and ultrasound-based GA fell in different trimesters were excluded because the risk could not be calculated due to the different serum markers used in each trimester. The agreement of risk categorization for fetal Down syndrome was evaluated. Results. The agreement of Down syndrome screening in the first and the second trimesters were 92.7% and 89%, respectively. The study found a good agreement of risk categorization by Kappa index, which was 0.615 for the overall screening. The menstrual age had a slight decrease in the detection rate and a lower false-positive rate. Conclusion. Menstrual age is acceptable in cases of accurate last menstrual period. However, in places where ultrasonography is not readily available, gestational age estimation by menstrual age along with clinical examination that corresponds to the gestational age can be reliable.

scholarly journals Association of gestational age with MRI-based biometrics of brain development in fetuses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuequan Shi ◽  
Yunjing Xue ◽  
Chunxia Chen ◽  
Kaiwu Lin ◽  
Zuofu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period

Abstract Background Reported date of last menstrual period and ultrasonography measurements are the most commonly used methods for determining gestational age in antenatal life. However, the mother cannot always determine the last menstrual period with certainty, and ultrasonography measurements are accurate only in the first trimester. We aimed to assess the ability of various biometric measurements on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the accurate gestational age of an individual fetus in the second half of gestation. Methods We used MRI to scan a total of 637 fetuses ranging in age from 22 to 40 gestational weeks. We evaluated 9 standard fetal 2D biometric parameters, and regression models were fitted to assess normal fetal brain development. A stepwise linear regression model was constructed to predict gestational age, and measurement accuracy was determined in a held-out, unseen test sample (n = 49). Results A second-order polynomial regression model was found to be the best descriptor of biometric measures including brain bi-parietal diameter, head circumference, and fronto-occipital diameter in relation to normal fetal growth. Normal fetuses showed divergent growth patterns for the cerebrum and cerebellum, where the cerebrum undergoes rapid growth in the second trimester, while the cerebellum undergoes rapid growth in the third trimester. Moreover, a linear model based on biometrics of brain bi-parietal diameter, length of the corpus callosum, vermis area, transverse cerebellar diameter, and cerebellar area accurately predicted gestational age in the second and third trimesters (cross-validation R2 = 0.822, p < 0.001). Conclusions These results support the use of MRI biometry charts to improve MRI evaluation of fetal growth and suggest that MRI biometry measurements offer a potential estimation model of fetal gestational age in the second half of gestation, which is vital to any assessment of pregnancy, fetal development, and neonatal care.

Comparison of Gestational Age Classifications: Date of Last Menstrual Period vs. Clinical Estimate

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha S. Wingate ◽  
Greg R. Alexander ◽  
Pierre Buekens ◽  
Anjel Vahratian
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period

scholarly journals Sonographic Reference Values for Fetal Transverse Cerebellar Diameter in the Second and Third Trimesters in a Nigerian Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ugwoke Eze ◽  
Queendaline Ebere Onwuzu ◽  
Innocent Uchechukwu Nwadike
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Outer Margin ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Last Menstrual Period ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Biparietal Diameter ◽  
Nigerian Population

This study aimed to establish reference values of fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) in a Nigerian population. A cross-sectional convenience study was carried out between June 2013 and May 2014 in Enugu, Nigeria. The sonographic examinations were performed on 697 pregnant women with gestational ages between 14 and 40 weeks. The TCD measurements were obtained from the proximal outer margin to the distal outer margin of cerebellum. The women’s last menstrual period, femur length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, and abdominal circumference were also recorded. The mean (standard deviation) TCD increased from 13.6 (2.2) mm to 27.3 (2.6) mm and 28.9 (2.0) mm to 42.9 (2.0) mm in the second and third trimesters, respectively. The relationship of TCD with gestational age obtained from last menstrual period, femur length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, and abdominal circumference was determined. The TCD had a strong correlation with gestational age ( r = .93; P < .05). Reference values for TCD were established for those patients who attended this clinic. This is a likely data set to use for future research that could focus on similar practices and in other regions of the country for possible generation of a nationwide nomogram.

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