Structural Characterization of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Sophora flavescensAit. and Their Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation Based on NO Release

Abstract Background: The dried roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. are traditionally used as Sophora Flavescens (Kushen in Chinese) to treat inflammatory diseases. It is traditionally served as a decoction, and polysaccharides represent one the major chemical constituents of this decoction. How about the structure of S. flavescens polysaccharides and whether they have anti-inflammatory activity should be uncovered.Methods: The purified polysaccharides were isolated through a combination of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE 650 M and gel filtration on Superdex G-200 from hot water extract of S. flavescens. Structure was characterized by chemical derivatization as well as HPLC, FT-IR, GC-MS and NMR technologies. The preliminary in vitro antiinflammation activity was tested on RAW 264.7 cells upon NO release inhibition.Results: In this study, four polysaccharides, namely, SFNP-1, SFNP-2, SFAP-1, and SFAP-2, were isolated from S. flavescens. Results showed that both SFNP-1 and SFNP-2 contained (1→4)-linked glucans with small amounts of side chains at the O-4 position of the backbone chain residues. The two acidic polysaccharides (i.e.,SFAP-1 and SFAP-2) were identified to be pectin-type polysaccharides mainly containing a homo-galacturanan backbone consisting of α-(1→4)-linked GalAp and methyl-esterified α-(1→4)-linked GalAp residues at a ratio ofapproximately1:1. The bioactivity test revealed that the four purified polysaccharides have no cytotoxicity on RAW264.7andthat SFNP-1 and SFNP-2 show significant stimulating activity. Although the decoction of S. flavescens has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent, NO release inhibition results showed thatSFAP-1 and SFAP-2, as the major polysaccharides of SFCP, do not have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions: This result suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect of the decoction of S. flavescens may depend on the presence of alkaloids and not the polysaccharides it contains.

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Apple Pomace Extract as a Sustainable Food Ingredient

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8060189 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 189 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Pedro A. R. Fernandes ◽

Sónia S. Ferreira ◽

Rita Bastos ◽

Isabel Ferreira ◽

Maria T. Cruz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Water Extract ◽

Apple Pomace ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hot Water ◽

Array Detector ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Sustainable Solutions

Apple pomace is a by-product of apple processing industries with low value and thus frequent disposal, although with valuable compounds. Acidified hot water extraction has been suggested as a clean, feasible, and easy approach for the recovery of polyphenols. This type of extraction allowed us to obtain 296 g of extract per kg of dry apple pomace, including 3.3 g of polyphenols and 281 g of carbohydrates. Ultrafiltration and solid-phase extraction using C18 cartridges of the hot water extract suggested that, in addition to the apple native polyphenols detected by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, polyphenols could also be present as complexes with carbohydrates. For the water-soluble polyphenols, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were observed by inhibiting chemically generated hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and nitrogen monoxide radicals (NO•) produced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. The water-soluble polyphenols, when incorporated into yogurt formulations, were not affected by fermentation and improved the antioxidant properties of the final product. This in vitro research paves the way for agro-food industries to achieve more diversified and sustainable solutions towards their main by-products.

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Scutellaria baicalensis Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x17500100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (01) ◽

pp. 137-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jian-Jung Chen ◽

Chung-Chun Huang ◽

Heng-Yuan Chang ◽

Pei-Ying Li ◽

Yu-Chia Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Injury ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Water Extract ◽

Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Scutellaria baicalensis has been widely used as both a dietary ingredient and traditional herbal medicine in Taiwan to treat inflammation, cancer, and bacterial and viral infections of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. This paper aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of S. baicalensis. In HPLC analysis, the fingerprint chromatogram of the water extract of S. baicalensis (WSB) was established. The anti-inflammatory effects of WSB were inverstigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) in vitro and LPS-induced lung injury in vivo. WSB attenuated the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-[Formula: see text], interleukin-[Formula: see text] (IL-1[Formula: see text], and IL-6 in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with WSB markedly reduced the LPS-induced histological alterations in lung tissues. Furthermore, WSB significantly reduced the number of total cells and the protein concentration levels in the BALF. WSB blocked protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylation of I[Formula: see text]B-[Formula: see text] protein and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LPS-induce lung injury was also blocked. This study suggests that WSB possesses anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, and the results suggested that WSB may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Onion (Allium cepa) Peel Hot Water Extract in vitro and in vivo

KSBB Journal ◽

10.7841/ksbbj.2015.30.4.148 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 148-154

Author(s):

Bo-Kyeong Kang ◽

Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri Kim ◽

Na-Kyung Ahn ◽

Yeon-Uk Choi ◽

Min-ji Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Water Extract ◽

Hot Water ◽

Hot Water Extract ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

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Polysaccharides from Basidiocarps of the Polypore Fungus Ganoderma resinaceum: Isolation and Structure

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym14020255 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 255

Author(s):

Roman Bleha ◽

Lucie Třešnáková ◽

Leonid Sushytskyi ◽

Peter Capek ◽

Jana Čopíková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Extract ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hot Water ◽

Neutral Sugar ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Mass Spectrometry Detector

In this study, we focused on the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from a basidiocarp of polypore fungus Ganoderma resinaceum. Polysaccharide fractions were obtained by successive extractions with cold water at room temperature (20 °C), hot water under reflux (100 °C), and a solution of 1 mol L−1 sodium hydroxide. The purity of all fractions was controlled mainly by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their composition and structure were characterized by organic elemental analysis; neutral sugar and methylation analyses by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS), respectively; and by correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The aqueous extracts contained two main polysaccharides identified as a branched O-2-β-d-mannosyl-(1→6)-α-d-galactan and a highly branched (1→3)(1→4)(1→6)-β-d-glucan. Mannogalactan predominated in the cold water extract, and β-d-glucan was the main product of the hot water extract. The hot water soluble fraction was further separated by preparative anion exchange chromatography into three sub-fractions; two of them were identified as branched β-d-glucans with a structure similar to the corresponding polysaccharide of the original fraction. The alkaline extract contained a linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan and a weakly branched (1→3)-β-d-glucan having terminal β-d-glucosyl residues attached to O-6 of the backbone. The insoluble part after all extractions was identified as a polysaccharide complex containing chitin and β-d-glucans.

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Assessment of the Quality and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of a Novel Sri Lankan Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/2319315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

H. P. Wakkumbura ◽

W. M. D. Wickramaarachchi ◽

L. D. A. M. Arawwawala ◽

J. A. Liyanage ◽

R. P. V. J. Rajapakse

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hot Water ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Water Extractable

Background. In Sri Lanka, a Polyherbal Ayurvedic Formulation (PHAF), which consists of powders of seven medicinal plants, is being trialed for use as an anti-inflammatory drug. In general, anti-inflammatory drugs have good antioxidant properties. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to assess the quality and evaluate the antioxidant potential of PHAF. Methods. Physicochemical parameters such as ash content, extractable matter, phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites, levels of heavy metals, and microbes were determined according to standard protocols. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using five in vitro assays: total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt. Results. PHAF contained 5.6 ± 0.2% of moisture, 6.5 ± 0.1% of total ash, 1.4 ± 0.1% of water soluble ash, 0.9 ± 0.0% of acid insoluble ash, 7.7 ± 0.2% of hot water extractable matter, 3.9 ± 0.1% of cold water extractable matter, 10.5 ± 4.1% of hot-ethanol extractable matter, and 8.4 ± 0.2% of cold-ethanol extractable matter. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and saponins in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the drug. TPC, TFC, ORAC, DPPH, and ABTS of aqueous and ethanol extracts of PHAF were 103.65 ± 4.94 and 327.07 ± 9.65 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, 76.6 ± 5.83 and 224.6 ± 8.42 mg quercetin equivalents/g of extract, 481.11 ± 17.30 and 1481.44 ± 30.20 mg trolox equivalents/g of extract, 79.50 ± 4.42 and 227.17 ± 6.16 mg trolox equivalents/g of extract, and 198.20 ± 4.55 and 577.08 ± 5.48 mg trolox equivalents/g of extract, respectively. Conclusion. Ethanolic extract of PHAF is better than aqueous extract in terms of antioxidant properties.

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In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hibiscus Schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f.

Advanced Science Engineering and Medicine ◽

10.1166/asem.2020.2545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 484-488

Author(s):

M. R. Anusha ◽

Veluswamy Bhuvaneshwari ◽

Manokaran Kalaiselvi ◽

Akbar Ali Amrin ◽

Ramasamy Amsaveni

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Hot Water ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Plant Sample ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Medicinal plants act as an important source of drug with potential therapeutic effects. The present study focuses on the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f. (leaves and flowers) extracts. The cold water and hot water extract was prepared for plant sample without drying and whereas cold water, hot water, methanol, ethanol extract was prepared for the plant sample after drying. The present study on extract of H. schizopetalus demonstrated in vitro anti-inflammatory properties as evidenced by inhibition of albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization test and proteinase inhibitory action. This justifies that the traditional use of this plant in treatment of pains and inflammation.

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Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Campanula takesimana (Korean Bellflower) and Their Inhibitory Effects on LPS-induced PGE2 Production

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1232

Author(s):

Yutong Qi ◽

Se-In Choi ◽

So-Ri Son ◽

Hee-Soo Han ◽

Hye Shin Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Constituents ◽

Water Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Hot Water ◽

Pge2 Production ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Spectrometric Data ◽

Traditional Medicines ◽

Hot Water Extract

Campanula takesimana Nakai (Campanulaceae; Korean bellflower) is one of the endemic herbs of Korea. The plant has been used as traditional medicines for treating asthma, tonsillitis, and sore throat in Korea. A hot water extract of the leaves of C. takesimana exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Repetitive chromatographic separation of the hot water extract led to the isolation of three new neolignan glucosides, campanulalignans A–C (1–3), with 15 known compounds (4–18). The structures of new compounds 1–3 were elucidated by analyzing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data, along with high resolution quadrupole time of flight mass (HR-Q-TOF-MS) spectrometric data. Among the isolates, simplidin (7), 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (11), icariside F2 (12), benzyl-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1″→6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and kaempferol 3-O-β-d-apiosyl (1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (15) were isolated from the Campanulaceae family for the first time. The isolates (1, 2, and 4–18) were assessed for their anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production on RAW 264.7 cells. 7R,8S-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (5), 3′,4-O-dimethylcedrusin 9-O-β-glucopyranoside (6), pinoresinol di-O-β-d-glucoside (8), ferulic acid (10), 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (11), and quercetin (18) showed significant inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production.

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In Vivo and In Vitro Evidence for the Antihyperuricemic, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of a Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine, Triphala

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701201028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701201

Author(s):

Vilasinee Hirunpanich Sato ◽

Bunleu Sungthong ◽

Narawat Nuamnaichati ◽

Prasob-orn Rinthong ◽

Supachoke Mangmool ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Competitive Inhibition ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Water Extract ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Ayurvedic Medicine ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Potassium Oxonate

The objectives of the present study were to demonstrate the antihyperuricemic effect of triphala, a formulation of traditional Ayurvedic medicine, in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice in vivo, and to examine its inhibitor effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD), inflammatory mediators and DPPH radicals in vitro. The water extract of triphala was determined to contain the total phenolics and total flavonoids of 317.6 ± 9.2 mg GAE/g and 7.73 ± 0.26 mg QE/g, respectively. Oral administrations of triphala significantly reduced the plasma uric acid levels of potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice at doses of 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg, as compared with control ( p<0.05). Moreover, both doses of triphala treatments markedly inhibited the formation of uric acid due to inhibition of XOD activity in liver homogenates extracted from the hyperuricemic mice by about 70-80%. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of enzyme-kinetic data showed that triphala exhibited non-competitive inhibition on XOD activity in vitro with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 590 μg/mL. Furthermore, triphala significantly suppressed the mRNA expressions of COX-II, TNF-α and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, as compared with control ( p <0.05), and decreased the expression of TGF-β. IC50 values for inhibition of DPPH radical formation was calculated to be 21.9 ± 2.50 μg/mL. Antioxidant activities of triphala were determined to be 0.81 ± 0.07 g TEAC/g and 6.78 ± 0.29 mmol/100g, respectively, as assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays. In conclusion, this study provided in vivo and in vitro mechanistic evidence for the antihyperuricemic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of triphala for the first time, rationalizing its therapeutic usage for the treatment of hyperuricemia of gout.

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A New Flavonol From Saussurea involucrata With Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x211007638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X2110076

Author(s):

Sheng Pan ◽

Zi-Guan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Saussurea Involucrata ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

A new flavonol named 6-(2'',3''-epoxy-3''-methylbutyl)-resokaempferol (1), together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the aerial part of Saussurea involucrata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in vitro. Among them, compound 1 showed potential inhibitory activity on the production of NO and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 48.0 ± 1.5 and 41.4 ± 1.7 µM, respectively.

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