scholarly journals The Topographic Representation of Time and its Link With Temporal Context and Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikanth Kulashekhar ◽  
Sarah Maass ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn ◽  
Domenica Bueti
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Representation Of Time ◽  
Perceived Duration

Abstract Neuronal tuning and topography are mechanisms widely used in the brain to represent sensory information and also abstract features like time. In humans, temporal topography has been shown in a wide circuit of brain regions. However, it is unclear whether chronotopic maps are specific to vision, whether they map time in an absolute or relative fashion, to what extent they reflect objective or subjective time and whether they are influenced by temporal context. Here we asked human participants to reproduce the durations of sounds in two, partially overlapping, temporal contexts while we record high-spatial resolution fMRI. Both model-based and data driven analyses show the presence of auditory chronomaps in the auditory parabelt, intraparietal sulcus, and in supplementary motor area. Most importantly, when the same physical duration is presented in different temporal contexts, and thus perceived differently, different neuronal units respond to it. Those units are also spatially shifted according to the relative position of the perceived duration within each context. Finally, the pattern of activity is more similar within rather than across contexts suggesting their pivotal role in shaping the maps. These results highlight two important properties of chronomaps: their flexibility of representation and their dependency on the context.

scholarly journals The Topographic Representation of Time and its Link with Temporal Context and Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikanth Kulashekhar ◽  
Sarah Maass ◽  
Hedderik Van Rijn ◽  
Domenica Bueti
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Representation Of Time ◽  
Perceived Duration

Abstract Neuronal tuning and topography are mechanisms widely used in the brain to represent not only sensory information but also abstract features like numerosity and time. In humans, temporal topography has been shown recently in a wide circuit of brain regions, from lateral occipital to inferior parietal and premotor regions. However, it remains unclear whether chronotopic maps are specific to vision, whether they map time in an absolute or relative fashion, and to what extent they reflect objective or subjective, perceived time and whether they are influenced by temporal context. Here we asked human participants to reproduce the durations of sounds in two, partially overlapping, temporal contexts while we recorded high-spatial resolution fMRI. Both model-based and data driven analysis approaches show the presence of auditory chronomaps in the auditory parabelt, intraparietal sulcus, and in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Most importantly, when the same physical duration is presented in different temporal contexts, and thus perceived differently, different neuronal units respond to it. Those units were also spatially shifted on the cortical surface according to the relative position of the perceived duration within each context. Finally, voxels did not change their preferences across contexts and their pattern of activity was more similar within rather than across them, suggesting a pivotal role of the context in shaping the maps. These results highlight two important properties of human chronomaps: their flexibility of representation due to perception and their dependency on temporal context.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

scholarly journals The Antennal Pathway of Dragonfly Nymphs, from Sensilla to the Brain

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Silvana Piersanti ◽  
Manuela Rebora ◽  
Gianandrea Salerno ◽  
Sylvia Anton
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
The Brain

Dragonflies are hemimetabolous insects, switching from an aquatic life style as nymphs to aerial life as adults, confronted to different environmental cues. How sensory structures on the antennae and the brain regions processing the incoming information are adapted to the reception of fundamentally different sensory cues has not been investigated in hemimetabolous insects. Here we describe the antennal sensilla, the general brain structure, and the antennal sensory pathways in the last six nymphal instars of Libellula depressa, in comparison with earlier published data from adults, using scanning electron microscopy, and antennal receptor neuron and antennal lobe output neuron mass-tracing with tetramethylrhodamin. Brain structure was visualized with an anti-synapsin antibody. Differently from adults, the nymphal antennal flagellum harbors many mechanoreceptive sensilla, one olfactory, and two thermo-hygroreceptive sensilla at all investigated instars. The nymphal brain is very similar to the adult brain throughout development, despite the considerable differences in antennal sensilla and habitat. Like in adults, nymphal brains contain mushroom bodies lacking calyces and small aglomerular antennal lobes. Antennal fibers innervate the antennal lobe similar to adult brains and the gnathal ganglion more prominently than in adults. Similar brain structures are thus used in L. depressa nymphs and adults to process diverging sensory information.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Group Bias During Natural Viewing

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3380-3389
Author(s):  
Timothy J Andrews ◽  
Ryan K Smith ◽  
Richard L Hoggart ◽  
Philip I N Ulrich ◽  
Andre D Gouws
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Individuals from different social groups interpret the world in different ways. This study explores the neural basis of these group differences using a paradigm that simulates natural viewing conditions. Our aim was to determine if group differences could be found in sensory regions involved in the perception of the world or were evident in higher-level regions that are important for the interpretation of sensory information. We measured brain responses from 2 groups of football supporters, while they watched a video of matches between their teams. The time-course of response was then compared between individuals supporting the same (within-group) or the different (between-group) team. We found high intersubject correlations in low-level and high-level regions of the visual brain. However, these regions of the brain did not show any group differences. Regions that showed higher correlations for individuals from the same group were found in a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions. The interplay between these regions suggests a range of cognitive processes from motor control to social cognition and reward are important in the establishment of social groups. These results suggest that group differences are primarily reflected in regions involved in the evaluation and interpretation of the sensory input.

scholarly journals Multi-sensory integration in the mouse cortical connectome using a network diffusion model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Shadi ◽  
Eva Dyer ◽  
Constantine Dovrolis
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Communication Dynamics ◽  
Activation Cascade ◽  
Alt Model ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Network Diffusion

AbstractHaving a structural network representation of connectivity in the brain is instrumental in analyzing communication dynamics and information processing in the brain. In this work, we make steps towards understanding multi-sensory information flow and integration using a network diffusion approach. In particular, we model the flow of evoked activity, initiated by stimuli at primary sensory regions, using the Asynchronous Linear Threshold (ALT) diffusion model. The ALT model captures how evoked activity that originates at a given region of the cortex “ripples through” other brain regions (referred to as an activation cascade). By comparing the model results to functional datasets based on Voltage Sensitive Dye (VSD) imaging, we find that in most cases the ALT model predicts the temporal ordering of an activation cascade correctly. Our results on the Mouse Connectivity Atlas from the Allen Institute for Brain Science show that a small number of brain regions are involved in many primary sensory streams – the claustrum and the parietal temporal cortex being at the top of the list. This suggests that the cortex relies on an hourglass architecture to first integrate and compress multi-sensory information from multiple sensory regions, before utilizing that lower-dimensionality representation in higher-level association regions and more complex cognitive tasks.

scholarly journals Algebra dissociates from arithmetic in the brain semantic network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dazhi Cheng ◽  
Mengyi Li ◽  
Naiyi Wang ◽  
Liangyuan Ouyang ◽  
Xinlin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Mathematical expressions mainly include arithmetic (such as 8 − (1 + 3)) and algebraic expressions (such as a − (b + c)). Previous studies shown that both algebraic processing and arithmetic involved the bilateral parietal brain regions. Although behavioral and neuropsychological studies have revealed the dissociation between algebra and arithmetic, how algebraic processing is dissociated from arithmetic in brain networks is still unclear. Methods Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study scanned 30 undergraduates and directly compared the brain activation during algebra and arithmetic. Brain activations, single-trial (item-wise) interindividual correlation and mean-trial interindividual correlation related to algebra processing were compared with those related to arithmetic. Results Brain activation analyses showed that algebra elicited greater activation in the angular gyrus and arithmetic elicited greater activation in the bilateral supplementary motor area, left insula, and left inferior parietal lobule. Interindividual single-trial brain-behavior correlation revealed significant brain-behavior correlations in the semantic network, including the middle temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, and left angular gyrus, for algebra. For arithmetic, the significant brain-behavior correlations were located in the phonological network, including the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor area, and in the visuospatial network, including the bilateral superior parietal lobules. Conclusion These findings suggest that algebra relies on the semantic network and arithmetic relies on the phonological and visuospatial networks.

scholarly journals Linear vector models of time perception account for saccade and stimulus novelty interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Ghaderi ◽  
John Douglas Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Scalar Model ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Behavioral Interaction ◽  
Visual Phenomena ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Perceived Duration

AbstractVarious models (e.g. scalar, state-dependent network, and vector models) have been proposed to explain the global aspects of time perception, but they have not been tested against specific visual phenomena like perisaccadic time compression and novel stimulus time dilation. Here, we tested how the perceived duration of a novel stimulus is influenced by 1) a simultaneous saccade, in combination with 2) a prior series of repeated stimuli in human participants. This yielded a novel behavioral interaction: pre-saccadic stimulus repetition neutralizes perisaccadic time compression. We then tested these results against simulations of the above models. Our data yielded low correlations against scalar model simulations, high but non-specific correlations for our feedforward neural network, and correlations that were both high and specific for a vector model based on identity of objective and subjective time. These results demonstrate the power of global time perception models in explaining disparate empirical phenomena and suggest that subjective time has a similar essence to time’s physical vector.

scholarly journals M64. ADDRESSING THE ROLE OF TIMING ON COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S159-S159
Author(s):  
Irene Alústiza ◽  
María Sol Garcés ◽  
Javier Goena ◽  
Anton Albajes-Eizagirre ◽  
Felipe Ortuño
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Schizophrenia (SZ) patients show activity deficits in brain regions that are conventionally associated with time perception. The dysfunction observed during timing tasks partially coincides with that evidenced during change-detection ones (both of attentional processing during odball paradigm and of preattentional processing in the mismatch negativity response). The implication is that timing dysfunction might underlie aberrant Salience Network (SN) and therefore cognitive impairment observed in SZ. In order to support this idea, we would like to examine it in HC. We hypothesize that neuroanatomical bases of time and salience processing are highly shared and interrelated not only in SZ but also in HC. The principal objective of this study was to elucidate whether there are any brain regions that show overlapped response during timing and oddball tasks in HC. Methods We conducted three independent comprehensive literature searches of whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in HC using timing and oddball tasks. The searches were applied to the PubMed search engine up to October 2019. Keywords used in the first search were: ((“Temporal processing” OR “temporal discrimination” OR “time perception” OR “temporal estimation” OR “time estimation” OR “internal clock” OR “interval timing” OR “timing”) AND (“functional magnetic resonance imaging” OR “fMRI”) AND (“healthy volunteers” OR “healthy comparison” OR “healthy adult participants” OR “healthy comparison subjects” OR “healthy control subjects” OR “healthy subjects” OR “healthy individuals” OR “healthy participants” OR “healthy controls” OR “healthy” OR “controls” OR “control subjects”)). Keywords used in the second search were: ((“oddball”) AND (“event-related”)) together with the terms mentioned above referring to HC and fMRI. Last search used the same keywords but combined with (“mismatch negativity” OR “MMN”). We excluded studies that 1) used a region-of-interest approach; 2) did not report peak coordinates; 3) used different statistical thresholds in different regions of the brain; 4) used techniques other than fMRI; 5) were case reports, qualitative studies, reviews or meta-analyses. We ran three signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analyses of fMRI studies assessing the brain response to timing and oddball paradigm in HC. Then, we carried out a multimodal meta-analysis to combine the findings from the three previous SDM meta-analyses. Results Our initial search returned several papers, but application of inclusion criteria reduced this number to 17. Among them, 8 studied timing (which included a total of 129 HC), 8 examined attentional oddball paradigm (which included a total of 125 HC) and 3 MMN (which included a total of 52 HC). Meta -analysis results of timing studies HC showed significantly activation in left supplementary motor area (BA 8), left middle frontal gyrus (BA 10), right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45), right supramarginal gyrus (BA 40), corpus callosum, left inferior network, left striatum, right superior longitudinal fasciculus and left cerebellum. Meta-analysis results of attentional oddball paradigm studies HC showed significantly activation in right supplementary motor area (BA 32), left postcentral gyrus (BA2), right rolandic operculum (BA 48), right supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) and left insula (BA 48). Meta-analysis results of preattentional oddball paradigm studies HC showed significantly activation in corpus callosum. Discussion The current study supports the hypothesis that there exists an overlap between neural structures engaged by both timing and oddball tasks in HC. Since timing might be a primary cognitive function, its better understanding could help to improve the approach of treatment in SZ.

scholarly journals The brain detects stimulus features, but not stimulus conflict in task-irrelevant sensory input

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn A. Nuiten ◽  
Andrés Canales-Johnson ◽  
Lola Beerendonk ◽  
Nutsa Nanuashvili ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCognitive control over conflicting sensory input is central to adaptive human behavior. It might therefore not come as a surprise that past research has shown conflict detection in the absence of conscious awareness. This would suggest that the brain may detect conflict fully automatically, and that it can even occur without paying attention. Contrary to this intuition, we show that task-relevance is crucial for conflict detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses on electroencephalographic data from human participants revealed that when auditory stimuli are fully task-irrelevant, the brain disregards conflicting input entirely, whereas the same input elicits strong neural conflict signals when task-relevant. In sharp contrast, stimulus features were still processed, irrespective of task-relevance. These results show that stimulus properties are only integrated to allow conflict to be detected by prefrontal regions when sensory information is task-relevant and therefore suggests an attentional bottleneck at high levels of information analysis.

scholarly journals Auditory Decisions in the Supplementary Motor Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Morán ◽  
Javier Perez-Orive ◽  
Jonathan Melchor ◽  
Tonatiuh Figueroa ◽  
Luis Lemus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn human speech and communication across various species, recognizing and categorizing sounds is fundamental for the selection of appropriate behaviors. But how does the brain decide which action to perform based on sounds? We explored whether the premotor supplementary motor area (SMA), responsible for linking sensory information to motor programs, also accounts for auditory-driven decision making. To this end, we trained two rhesus monkeys to discriminate between numerous naturalistic sounds and words learned as target (T) or non-target (nT) categories. We demonstrated that the neural population is organized differently during the auditory and the movement periods of the task, implying that it is performing different computations in each period. We found that SMA neurons perform acoustic-decision-related computations that transition from auditory to movement representations in this task. Our results suggest that the SMA integrates sensory information while listening to auditory stimuli in order to form categorical signals that drive behavior.

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