scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationships within the Nematode Subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanapan Sukee ◽  
Ian Beveridge ◽  
Ahmad Jawad Sabir ◽  
Abdul Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Generic Composition ◽  
Second Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Strongyloid Nematode

Abstract Background: The strongyloid nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae are parasites of the large intestine and stomach of Australian macropods (Macropodidae) and wombats (Vombatidae). Based on morphological classifications, the Phascolostrongylinae is comprised of seven genera belonging to three tribes (Phascolostrongylinea, Macropostrongyloidinea, and Hypodontinea). The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Phascolostrongylinae were tested using the first and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS+) sequences of the ribosomal DNA. Results: Monophyly was encountered in the tribe Phascolostrongylinea comprising two genera, Phascolostrongylus and Oesophagostomoides, found exclusively in the large intestine of wombats. The tribe Hypodontinea, represented by the genera Hypodontus and Macropicola from the ileum and large intestine of macropods was also found to be monophyletic, but with low support. The tribe Macropostrongyloidinea comprising the genera Macropostrongyloides and Paramacropostrongylus was paraphyletic with the species occurring in the stomach grouping separately to those found in the large intestines of their hosts. Finally, Macropostrongyloides dissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis from the large intestine of the eastern grey kangaroo were distinct from their respective congeners. Conclusion: The current study provided strong support for the generic composition of the tribe Phascolostrongylinea and low support for the tribe Hypodontinea. However, the relationships within the tribe Macropostrongyloidinea are more complex and its monophyly was not supported by the current ITS+ dataset. The unexpected finding of M. dissimilis and P. toraliformis being distantly related to their respective congeners suggests a requirement for future taxonomic revision which may warrant separation of these species at the generic level.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationships within the Nematode Subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Tanapan Sukee ◽  
Ian Beveridge ◽  
Ahmad Jawad Sabir ◽  
Abdul Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Generic Composition

The strongyloid nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae comprises parasites of the large intestine and stomach of Australian macropods and wombats. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Phascolostrongylinae using the first and second internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Monophyly was encountered in the tribe Phascolostrongylinea comprising two genera, Phascolostrongylus and Oesophagostomoides, found exclusively in the large intestine of wombats. The tribe Hypodontinea, represented by the genera Hypodontus and Macropicola from the ileum and large intestine of macropods, was also found to be monophyletic. The tribe Macropostrongyloidinea, comprising the genera Macropostrongyloides and Paramacropostrongylus, was paraphyletic with the species occurring in the stomach grouping separately from those found in the large intestines of their hosts. However, Macropostrongyloidesdissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis from the large intestine of the eastern grey kangaroo were distinct from their respective congeners. This study provided strong support for the generic composition of the tribe Phascolostrongylinea. The unexpected finding of M. dissimilis and P. toraliformis being distantly related to their respective congeners suggests a requirement for future taxonomic revision that may warrant separation of these species at the generic level.

Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences reveal recent diversification and discordant patterns of morphological evolution of the Chilean genera of Gilliesieae (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99
Author(s):  
Inelia Escobar ◽  
Eduardo Ruiz-Ponce ◽  
Paula J Rudall ◽  
Michael F Fay ◽  
Oscar Toro-Núñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Floral Diversity

Abstract Gilliesieae are a South American tribe of Amaryllidaceae characterized by high floral diversity. Given different taxonomic interpretations and proposals for generic and specific relationships, a representative phylogenetic analysis is required to clarify the systematics of this group. The present study provides a framework for understanding phylogenetic relationships and contributing to the development of an appropriate taxonomic treatment of Gilliesieae. Molecular analyses, based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid DNA sequences (trnL-F and rbcL), resolve with strong support the monophyly of the tribe and the differentiation of two major clades. Clade I comprises the genera Gilliesia, Gethyum and Solaria and Clade II includes Miersia and Speea. These well-supported clades are mostly congruent with vegetative and karyotype characters rather than, e.g., floral symmetry. At the generic level, all molecular analyses reveal the paraphyly of Gilliesia and Miersia. Gethyum was found to be paraphyletic, resulting in the confirmation of Ancrumia as a distinct genus. Several instances of incongruent phylogenetic signals were found among data sets. The calibrated tree suggests a recent diversification of the tribe (Pliocene–Pleistocene), a contemporary process of speciation in which instances of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could explain patterns of paraphyly and incongruence of floral morphology.

scholarly journals Two Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Mileewinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and a Phylogenetic Analysis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Tinghao Yu ◽  
Yalin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Protein Coding

More studies are using mitochondrial genomes of insects to explore the sequence variability, evolutionary traits, monophyly of groups and phylogenetic relationships. Controversies remain on the classification of the Mileewinae and the phylogenetic relationships between Mileewinae and other subfamilies remain ambiguous. In this study, we present two newly completed mitogenomes of Mileewinae (Mileewa rufivena Cai and Kuoh 1997 and Ujna puerana Yang and Meng 2010) and conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses based on several different factors. These species have quite similar features, including their nucleotide content, codon usage of protein genes and the secondary structure of tRNA. Gene arrangement is identical and conserved, the same as the putative ancestral pattern of insects. All protein-coding genes of U. puerana began with the start codon ATN, while 5 Mileewa species had the abnormal initiation codon TTG in ND5 and ATP8. Moreover, M. rufivena had an intergenic spacer of 17 bp that could not be found in other mileewine species. Phylogenetic analysis based on three datasets (PCG123, PCG12 and AA) with two methods (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) recovered the Mileewinae as a monophyletic group with strong support values. All results in our study indicate that Mileewinae has a closer phylogenetic relationship to Typhlocybinae compared to Cicadellinae. Additionally, six species within Mileewini revealed the relationship (U. puerana + (M. ponta + (M. rufivena + M. alara) + (M. albovittata + M. margheritae))) in most of our phylogenetic trees. These results contribute to the study of the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of Mileewinae.

scholarly journals Recent advances in transport of water-soluble vitamins in organs of the digestive system: a focus on the colon and the pancreas

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (9) ◽  
pp. G601-G610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid M. Said
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Activities

This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of water-soluble vitamin (WSV) transport in the large intestine and pancreas, two important organs of the digestive system that have only recently received their fair share of attention. WSV, a group of structurally unrelated compounds, are essential for normal cell function and development and, thus, for overall health and survival of the organism. Humans cannot synthesize WSV endogenously; rather, WSV are obtained from exogenous sources via intestinal absorption. The intestine is exposed to two sources of WSV: a dietary source and a bacterial source (i.e., WSV generated by the large intestinal microbiota). Contribution of the latter source to human nutrition/health has been a subject of debate and doubt, mostly based on the absence of specialized systems for efficient uptake of WSV in the large intestine. However, recent studies utilizing a variety of human and animal colon preparations clearly demonstrate that such systems do exist in the large intestine. This has provided strong support for the idea that the microbiota-generated WSV are of nutritional value to the host, and especially to the nutritional needs of the local colonocytes and their health. In the pancreas, WSV are essential for normal metabolic activities of all its cell types and for its exocrine and endocrine functions. Significant progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms involved in the uptake of WSV and the effect of chronic alcohol exposure on the uptake processes.

Phylogenetic relationships in the monocot order Commelinales, with a focus on PhilydraceaeThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery M. Saarela ◽  
Peter J. Prentis ◽  
Hardeep S. Rai ◽  
Sean W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection Of

To characterize higher-order phylogenetic relationships among the five families of Commelinales, we surveyed multiple plastid loci from exemplar taxa sampled broadly from the order, and from other major monocot lineages. Phylogenetic inferences in Commelinales using parsimony and likelihood methods are congruent, and we find strong support for most aspects of higher-order relationship in the order. We obtain moderately strong support for the local placement of Philydraceae, a family whose position has proven particularly difficult to infer in previous studies. Commelinaceae and Hanguanaceae are sister taxa, and together they are the sister group of a clade consisting of Haemodoraceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae; Haemodoraceae and Pontederiaceae are also sister taxa. Our sampling of Philydraceae includes all three or four genera in the family; we identify Philydrella as the sister group of a Helmholtzia–Philydrum clade, a resolution that is potentially consistent with several aspects of morphology.

Phylogeny of the Styracaceae Revisited Based on Whole Plastome Sequences, Including Novel Plastome Data from Parastyrax

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Yan ◽  
Chun-Yang Li ◽  
Peter W. Fritsch ◽  
Jie Cai ◽  
Heng-Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Small Single Copy

Abstract—The phylogenetic relationships among 11 out of the 12 genera of the angiosperm family Styracaceae have been largely resolved with DNA sequence data based on all protein-coding genes of the plastome. The only genus that has not been phylogenomically investigated in the family with molecular data is the monotypic genus Parastyrax, which is extremely rare in the wild and difficult to collect. To complete the sampling of the genera comprising the Styracaceae, examine the plastome composition of Parastyrax, and further explore the phylogenetic relationships of the entire family, we sequenced the whole plastome of P. lacei and incorporated it into the Styracaceae dataset for phylogenetic analysis. Similar to most others in the family, the plastome is 158189 bp in length and contains a large single-copy region of 88085 bp and a small single-copy region of 18540 bp separated by two inverted-repeat regions of 25781 bp each. A total of 113 genes was predicted, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic relationships among all 12 genera of the family were constructed with 79 protein-coding genes. Consistent with a previous study, Styrax, Huodendron, and a clade of Alniphyllum + Bruinsmia were successively sister to the remainder of the family. Parastyrax was strongly supported as sister to an internal clade comprising seven other genera of the family, whereas Halesia and Pterostyrax were both recovered as polyphyletic, as in prior studies. However, when we employed either the whole plastome or the large- or small-single copy regions as datasets, Pterostyrax was resolved as monophyletic with 100% support, consistent with expectations based on morphology and indicating that non-coding regions of the Styracaceae plastome contain informative phylogenetic signal. Conversely Halesia was still resolved as polyphyletic but with novel strong support.

scholarly journals Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Dasyloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with description of a new species

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Londoño-Burbano ◽  
Roberto E. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Maracaibo Basin ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
A New Species

ABSTRACT A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis were completed for Dasyloricaria . The genus includes three valid species: D . filamentosa and D . latiura previously included in the genus, and a new species described herein. Dasyloricaria have a restricted trans-Andean distribution, with D . filamentosa occurring at the lower and middle Magdalena, lower Cauca, and Sinu in Colombia, and lago Maracaibo basin in Colombia and Venezuela; D . latiura in the Atrato and the Tuyra basins in Colombia and Panama, respectively; and the new species in the upper and middle Magdalena basin in Colombia. New synonyms for D . filamentosa and D . latiura are proposed, and a lectotype is designated for the latter. Dasyloricaria is herein recognized as monophyletic, with D . filamentosa as the sister group of D . latiura , and the new speciesas sister to that clade. Spatuloricaria is hypothesized to be the sister group of Dasyloricaria based on synapomorphies of the neurocranium, branchial arches and external morphology features. The subtribe Rineloricariina was partially corroborated through the phylogenetic analysis. An identification key for the species of Dasyloricaria is provided.

Phylogenetics and revised taxonomy of the Australian freshwater cod genus, Maccullochella (Percichthyidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Nock ◽  
Martin S. Elphinstone ◽  
Stuart J. Rowland ◽  
Peter R. Baverstock
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
Murray Cod ◽  
Australian Freshwater

Determining the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among allopatric populations can be difficult, especially when divergence is recent and morphology is conserved. We used mitochondrial sequence data from the control region and three protein-coding genes (1253 bp in total) and genotypes determined at 13 microsatellite loci to examine the evolutionary relationships among Australia’s largest freshwater fish, the Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, from the inland Murray–Darling Basin, and its allopatric sister taxa from coastal drainages, the eastern freshwater cod, M. ikei, and Mary River cod, M. peelii mariensis. Phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for taxon-specific clades, with a clade containing both of the eastern taxa reciprocally monophyletic to M. peelii peelii, suggesting a more recent common ancestry between M. ikei and M. peelii mariensis than between the M. peelii subspecies. This finding conflicts with the existing taxonomy and suggests that ancestral Maccullochella crossed the Great Dividing Range in the Pleistocene and subsequently diverged in eastern coastal drainages. Evidence from the present study, in combination with previous morphological and allozymatic data, demonstrates that all extant taxa are genetically and morphologically distinct. The taxonomy of Maccullochella is revised, with Mary River cod now recognised as a species, Maccullochella mariensis, a sister species to eastern freshwater cod, M. ikei. As a result of the taxonomic revision, Murray cod is M. peelii.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Molecular Diversity of Ticks and Tick-Borne Microorganisms of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghafar ◽  
Adil Khan ◽  
Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz ◽  
Charles G. Gauci ◽  
Sadaf Niaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Second Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Theileria Spp

This study investigated ticks and tick-borne microorganisms of small ruminants from five districts of the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan. Morphological (n = 104) and molecular (n = 54) characterization of the ticks revealed the presence of six ixodid ticks: Rhipicephalus (Rh.) haemaphysaloides, Rh. microplus, Rh. turanicus, Haemaphysalis (Hs.) punctata, Hs. sulcata and Hyalomma anatolicum. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequence data for two mitochondrial (16S and cytochrome c oxidase 1) and one nuclear (second internal transcribed spacer) DNA regions provided strong support for the grouping of the six tick species identified in this study. Microfluidic real-time PCR, employing multiple pre-validated nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers, detected 11 potential pathogens and endosymbionts in 72.2% of the ticks (n = 54) tested. Rickettsia (R.) massiliae was the most common pathogen found (42.6% of ticks) followed by Theileria spp. (33.3%), Anaplasma (A.) ovis and R. slovaca (25.9% each). Anaplasma centrale, A. marginale, Ehrlichia spp., R. aeschlimannii, R. conorii and endosymbionts (Francisella- and Coxiella-like) were detected at much lower rates (1.9–22.2%) in ticks. Ticks from goats (83.9%) carried significantly higher microorganisms than those from sheep (56.5%). This study demonstrates that ticks of small ruminants from the FATA are carrying multiple microorganisms of veterinary and medical health significance and provides the basis for future investigations of ticks and tick-borne diseases of animals and humans in this and neighboring regions.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Metadrinomyia Shima (Diptera: Tachinidae) with descriptions of two new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2311 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
HYE-WOO BYUN ◽  
HO-YEON HAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Two New Species

A little known tachinid genus, Metadrinomyia Shima, is revised based on four East Asian species including two new to science: M. flavifrons sp. nov. and M. xanthokolos sp. nov. The majority of the specimens used in this study were collected from low vegetation in the foothills of mountains in South Korea. The new species can be clearly distinguished from their congeners by their pruinosity, chaetotaxy and genitalic structures. A key, descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of the male genitalic structures are provided and the phylogenetic relationships among the species are investigated.

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