scholarly journals Methanol-Based Esterification of Palm Oil Sludge – Preparation of Palmitic and Oleic Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters via Ethyl Acetate Transesterification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier CHAPARRO-ACOSTA ◽  
Juan-Manuel URBINA-GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Fischer Esterification ◽  
Palmitic Acids ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification of fatty acids with methanol as a reagent and solvent is used to prepare long chain alkyl methyl esters. Transesterification of palm oil in basic media using methanol is a synthesis route to prepare monoalkyl methyl esters of fatty acids. In this work, we report performing Fischer esterification of a sample of local palm oil sludge (rich in fatty acids) in the presence of methanol and obtaining ethyl esters of oleic and palmitic acids from transesterification reactions during extractions with ethyl acetate.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF THE TRANSESTERIFICATION PARAMETERS USING BLENDS: OIL CRUDE FISH OIL AND FRYING OIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 696-703
Author(s):  
H. D. CHIRINOS ◽  
J. A. BARRA ◽  
D. D. CRUZ ◽  
G. M. HUALLPAMAYTA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Acidity Index ◽  
Conversion Performance ◽  
Long Chain

To improve the parameters of the transesterification process by the basic route for the production of biodiesel, crude fish oil (AP), obtained from the viscera of fish, and residual vegetable oils (AR) blenders were used. Because the AP contains high percentages of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are responsible for its instability is that it was mixed with increasing percentages of AR. This translated into a higher conversion performance to biodiesel by the basic route, also depending on the level of free fatty acids. The index of methyl esters obtained from the blends and the original oils was analyzed. The calculation of the performance of each reaction is made based on the produced esters. The analysis is complemented by measuring the kinematic viscosity of the blends and the pure oils, as well as the biodiesel produced. The results showed yields higher than 90% when using the process of transesterification of the blends by the basic route. The standardization of blends by its acidity index is of great importance reaching a maximum value of 3.5 mg KOH/g. On the other hand, the viscosity of the biodiesel produced, from the blends, is kept within international standards; In addition, the process conditions are improved.

scholarly journals ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACID FROM PALM OIL WASTE (SLUDGE OIL) BY USING ALUM CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamrin Usman ◽  
Lucy Ariany ◽  
Winda Rahmalia ◽  
Romi Advant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Product Viscosity

Esterification of fatty acids from palm oil waste (sludge oil) as biodiesel liquid base has been done by using alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O] catalyst. Some reaction variables like reaction time, catalyst quantity, and molar ratio of sample-reactant was applied for optimal reaction. Yield of 94.66% was obtained at reaction condition 65 °C, 5 h, sample-reactant ratio 1:20, and catalyst quantity 3% (w/w). GC-MS analysis request showed that composition of methyl esters biodiesel are methyl caproic (0.67%), methyl lauric (0.21%), methyl miristic (1.96%), methyl palmitic (49.52%), methyl oleic (41.51%), and methyl stearic (6.13%). Physical properties of synthesized product (viscosity, refraction index and density) are similar with those of commercial product.   Keywords: alum, biodiesel, esterification, sludge oil

scholarly journals Gas chromatographic analysis of amines and other compounds produced by several species of Clostridium

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1433-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Brooks ◽  
W. E. C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Neutral Compounds ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Long Chain

Whole cultures grown in 6 ml of chopped meat – glucose medium (CMG) were acidified and extracted with ethyl ether or chloroform to obtain organic acids, and neutral compounds including alcohols, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, and mercaptans. The residual broth was then made basic and extracted with chloroform to obtain amines. For chromatographic analyses, alcohols and amines were converted to trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Organic acids were converted to their methyl esters. Analyses were made by a temperature-programmed gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detectors.Cultures of 62 strains of clostridia, representing 13 species, were examined. Many amines were found and total amine concentrations in the broth exceeded 0.5% (weight) in cultures of several species examined. Neutral products were found to be major products of several species. Both short- and long-chain alcohols were detected and were valuable in differentiation of some groups.The 13 species could be divided into 7 groups on the basis of fatty acids and neutral products; into 10 groups on the basis of amine products; into 12 groups on the basis of alcohol and neutral products; and into 13 groups on the basis of amine, alcohol, and neutral products.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Derivatization Methods for the Analysis of Fatty Acids andTransFatty Acids in Bakery Products Using Gas Chromatography

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Talal A. Omar ◽  
Nadia Salih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Diazomethane ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Two different procedures for the methylation of fatty acids (FAs) andtransfatty acids (TFAs) in food fats were compared using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The base-catalyzed followed by an acid-catalyzed method (KOCH3/HCl) and the base-catalyzed followed by (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMS–DM) method were used to prepare FA methyl esters (FAMEs) from lipids extracted from food products. In general, both methods were suitable for the determination ofcis/transFAs. The correlation coefficients (r) between the methods were relatively small (ranging from 0.86 to 0.99) and had a high level of agreement for the most abundant FAs. The significant differences (P=0.05) can be observed for unsaturated FAs (UFAs), specifically for TFAs. The results from the KOCH3/HCl method showed the lowest recovery values (%R) and higher variation (from 84% to 112%), especially for UFAs. The TMS-DM method had higherRvalues, less variation (from 90% to 106%), and more balance between variation and %RSD values in intraday and interday measurements (less than 4% and 6%, resp.) than the KOCH3/HCl method, except for C12:0, C14:0, and C18:0. Nevertheless, the KOCH3/HCl method required shorter time and was less expensive than the TMS-DM method which is more convenient for an accurate and thorough analysis of richcis/transUFA samples.

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