scholarly journals Determinants of Elderly Pedestrian Traffic Behavior in Iran: The Role of Socio Economic and Cognition Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Ghasemi ◽  
Homayoun Sadeghi- Bazargani ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽  
Koen Ponnet ◽  
Shahab Papi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mental Test Score ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Traffic Behavior ◽  
Traffic Rules

Abstract Background: Elderly pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in terms of traffic-related injuries. This study aimed to investigate traffic behavior and its determinants among elderly pedestrians in Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the traffic behavior of 600 elderly pedestrians in Zanjan, northwestern Iran. Pedestrian traffic behavior was evaluated in five domains (traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behaviors, and positive behaviors) using the Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ). Participants’ socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed by an SES questionnaire, and cognitive function was assessed by the Abbreviated Mental Test score (AMTS). The participants were selected using the multistage random sampling method.Results: 50% of elders were man. 488 (81.3%) of them had 60-74 and 112 (18.7%) were 75 years old and above. More than 90% of elderly pedestrians showed unsafe traffic behavior. This included traffic violations and failure to adhere to traffic rules. Almost half the elders were aggressive and distracted when walking and crossing the street. Higher SES was associated with both higher cognitive status and safer traffic behavior. Higher SES, healthy cognitive function, male sex, walking more than 1 hour a day, higher levels of education, and being married were among the determinants of safe traffic behavior.Conclusion: The majority of the elders showed unsafe traffic behavior Elderly pedestrians with high SES and healthy cognitive function were more likely to exhibit safe behavior than those with low SES and cognitive dysfunction. . Interventions are needed to improve the traffic behavior of elderly pedestrians special with low SES.

scholarly journals Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of unsafe traffic behaviors of pedestrians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽  
Homayoyn Sadeghi-Bazargani ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Tahere Pashaie ◽  
Koen Ponent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The City ◽  
Traffic Behavior

Abstract Background Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. This study investigates the determinants of traffic behaviors of pedestrians. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran, was evaluated from May to October 2018, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire consisting of five dimensions: traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behavior, and positive behaviors. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior. Conclusion Most pedestrians demonstrate unsafe traffic behaviors. The youth, those who were single, those with lower education, and those with less walking rate showcased higher unsafe behaviors. Training and intervention programs should be implemented to improve all domains of pedestrian traffic behaviors factoring in age and other predictors.

scholarly journals Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of Unsafe Traffic Behaviors of Pedestrians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽  
Homayoyn Sadeghi Bazargani ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Tahere Pashaie ◽  
Koen Ponent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The City

Abstract Background: Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. This study investigates the determinants of traffic behaviors of pedestrians. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran, was evaluated from May to October 2018, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire consisting of five dimensions: traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behavior, and positive behaviors. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results: Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.Conclusion: Most pedestrians demonstrate unsafe traffic behaviors. The youth, those who were single, those with lower education, and those with less walking rate showcased higher unsafe behaviors. Training and intervention programs should be implemented to improve all domains of pedestrian traffic behaviors factoring in age and other predictors.

scholarly journals Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of unsafe traffic behaviors of pedestrians

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽  
Homayoyn Sadeghi Bazargani ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Tahere Pashaie ◽  
Koen Ponnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transportation Mode ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The City ◽  
Traffic Behavior

Abstract Objective: Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in Iran, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results: Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.

scholarly journals Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of Unsafe Traffic Behaviors of Pedestrians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽  
Homayoyn Sadeghi Bazargani ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Tahere Pashaie ◽  
Koen Ponent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The City

Abstract Background: Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. This study investigates the determinants of traffic behaviors of pedestrians. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran, was evaluated from May to October 2018, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire consisting of five dimensions: traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behavior, and positive behaviors. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results: Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.Conclusion: Most pedestrians demonstrate unsafe traffic behaviors. The youth, those who were single, those with lower education, and those with less walking rate showcased higher unsafe behaviors. Training and intervention programs should be implemented to improve all domains of pedestrian traffic behaviors factoring in age and other predictors.

scholarly journals Elevated HDL Levels Linked to Poorer Cognitive Ability in Females With Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Bakeberg ◽  
Anastazja M. Gorecki ◽  
Jade E. Kenna ◽  
Alexa Jefferson ◽  
Michelle Byrnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

IntroductionCholesterol levels have been associated with age-related cognitive decline, however, such an association has not been comprehensively explored in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). To address this uncertainty, the current cross-sectional study examined the cholesterol profile and cognitive performance in a cohort of PD patients.MethodsCognitive function was evaluated using two validated assessments (ACE-R and SCOPA-COG) in 182 people with PD from the Australian Parkinson’s Disease Registry. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and Triglyceride (TRG) levels were examined within this cohort. The influence of individual lipid subfractions on domain-specific cognitive performance was investigated using covariate-adjusted generalised linear models.ResultsFemales with PD exhibited significantly higher lipid subfraction levels (TC, HDL, and LDL) when compared to male counterparts. While accounting for covariates, HDL levels were strongly associated with poorer performance across multiple cognitive domains in females but not males. Conversely, TC and LDL levels were not associated with cognitive status in people with PD.ConclusionHigher serum HDL associates with poorer cognitive function in females with PD and presents a sex-specific biomarker for cognitive impairment in PD.

Association Between Drug Burden Index and Functional and Cognitive Function in Patients with Multimorbidity

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (28) ◽  
pp. 3384-3391
Author(s):  
Angela Mª Villalba-Moreno ◽  
Eva Rocío Alfaro-Lara ◽  
Aitana Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
Daniel Báñez-Toro ◽  
Susana Sánchez-Fidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Drug Burden Index ◽  
Sedative Drugs

Background: Anticholinergic and sedative drugs are associated with adverse events such as cognitive and functional impairment in elderly. The Drug Burden Index (DBI) is a measure of an individual’s total exposure to anticholinergic and sedative drugs. Objetive: The study aimed to evaluate the association between the total DBI and cognitive and functional impairment in patients with multimorbidity. Setting: Patients with multimorbidity enrolled in the IMPACTO project. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Main outcome measure: The anticholinergic and sedative exposure was calculated using DBI. The Pfeiffer Test (PT) was used for cognitive status and the Barthel Index (BI) for functional status. Results: 336 patients were included (mean age 77.6 ± 8.7 years, 54.2% men and a mean of 11.5 ± 3.7 prescribed drugs). 180 patients (53.6%) exposed to anticholinergic and/or sedative drugs were identified. The median score obtained in PT was slightly higher in exposed patients (1 (IQR 0-2) and 2 (IQR 0-4), p = 0.082 in "non-exposed" and "exposed", respectively). The bivariate analysis showed an association [0.544 (95% CI 0.044-1.063, p = 0.03)]. The median obtained in the BI analysis was 85.0 (IQR 30.0) and 75.5 (IQR 42.5) p = 0.002, in "nonexposed" and "exposed", respectively. After the adjusted analysis, a relationship was obtained between both the variables [-9,558 (95% CI-15,794; -3,321, p = 0.03)]. Conclusion: Higher DBI is associated with the impairment of functional status and, slightly to the deterioration of cognitive function in patients with multimorbidity. DBI should be considered in patients with multimorbidity to optimize the pharmacological treatment of a group of special interest due to its vulnerability.

scholarly journals Problematic aspects of administrative liability for violation of rules of road traffic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Artemenko Olena ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Traffic Rules ◽  
Administrative Responsibility

The article explores the issue of administrative liability for pedestrian traffic violations. It has been found that road safety issues are of concern to everyone, as we are all road users, whether drivers, passengers or pedestrians. According to the World Health Organization, the number of road traffic fatalities is extremely high and is set at around 1.25 million per year, which is unacceptable. Moreover, most of all deaths are in middle- and low-income countries, including Ukraine. It is argued that, at present, the rules of the Code of Administrative Offenses relating to measures of liability for pedestrian traffic violations are essentially dead, which is explained by the use of only a preventive measure and a rather low amount of penalties for such offenses. Administrative responsibility in the field of security is the responsibility of drivers of vehicles or other road users, including officials who are authorized to ensure the safe operation of roads and road structures, transport, operation of transport and roads, for violations of express traffic rules in the application to the perpetrators of administrative penalties in accordance with the grounds and in the manner prescribed by the rules of administrative law This all contributes to the spread of mass offenses in the industry by the efforts of legislators to remedy this situation by amending the relevant Code of Conduct in order to increase accountability and thereby reduce pedestrians' attempts to take similar actions. It is emphasized that as of 2020, a mechanism for the effectiveness of administrative liability for violation of traffic rules by pedestrians has been worked out, in the form of a draft Law on Increasing Administrative Liability in this Field for such road users – as pedestrians. Keywords: administrative responsibility, administrative liability for traffic violations, pedestrian, traffic, traffic accident

scholarly journals Adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern, cognitive status and depressive symptoms in an elderly non-institutionalized population

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Hernández-Galiot ◽  
Isabel Goñi
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract: Introduction: Scientific evidence indicates that adherence to the Mediterranean diet protects against the deterioration of cognitive status and depressive symptoms during aging. However, few studies have been conducted in elderly non-institutionalized subjects. Objetive: This study evaluated the relation between the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern and cognitive status and depressive symptoms in an elderly population over 75 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Mediterranean city (Garrucha, Spain) in 79 elderly people over 75 (36 men and 41 women). Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was determined using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Cognitive function was determined by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and depressive symptoms were assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: Most of population showed a very high adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern and optimal cognitive and affective status. They consumed olive oil as their main source of fat, high levels of fish and fruit, low levels of foods with added sugars, and a low consumption of red meat. A significant inverse relation between the MEDAS and MMSE scores was found. However, no relationship was observed between the MEDAS and GDS.Conclusions: The Mediterranean diet pattern was positively related with the cognitive function, although the influence of a healthy dietary pattern on the symptomatology of depression was unclear. However, an effective strategy against cognitive function and depression would be to improve physical activity rates, establish lifelong healthy eating habits, and consume a nutritionally-rich diet in order to enhance quality of life of the elderly.

scholarly journals Traffic Compliance Index of Acehnese Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339
Author(s):  
M Gaussyah ◽  
Dedy Yuliansyah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Road User ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
A Value ◽  
Driver's License ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Traffic Behavior ◽  
Traffic Rules

The purpose of this article is to analyze and discuss the correlation between the behavior of the Acehnese and the culture of traffic discipline. Every road user is obliged to obey the traffic rules, but the number of accidents is increasing every year, resulting in numerous deaths, injuries and property damage. This is an empirical legal research using a survey method with a qualitative approach. Interviews, observations, and file review is also used in this research. The results show that the traffic behavior of Acehnese remains poor, with the observation-based traffic compliance index having a value of 5.41 on a scale of 1-10. Most violations were committed by male drivers with 2 (two) wheels. The most common violations are not wearing a helmet, not turning on the main lights during the day, and not having a driver's license (SIM). Most traffic violations are committed by individuals between the ages of 17 and 40, most of whom have a high school education or equivalent. It is necessary to optimize the socialization of traffic discipline and the arrangement of traffic fiqh by the Aceh Provincial Police of Traffic Department (Ditlantas Polda Aceh), local authorities and related agencies.

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