scholarly journals The Lockdown Impact Scale for Students (LISS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronán M Conroy ◽  
Karen Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mokken Scaling ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Impact Scale ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Health Sciences Students ◽  
Undergraduate Medicine ◽  
Unidimensional Scale ◽  
Core Features

Abstract Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in many student populations learning online in lockdown. While the mental health consequences of lockdown are increasingly understood, the core features of ‘cabin fever’ are poorly described. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey of 649 undergraduate medicine and health sciences students. Item content was developed based on current literature and input from student representatives. Results: Mokken scaling identified seven questions that together formed a strongly unidimensional scale which comprised two domains : social isolation/cabin fever and demotivation / demoralisation. Scale scores were significantly associated with depression, self-rated mental health, impaired study efficacy and doomscrolling. Conclusions: The adverse effects of lockdown on student wellbeing appear to be driven to an important extent by an experience of isolation and demotivation that correspond to narrative descriptions of cabin fever. In the foreseeable event of future pandemics, these experiences are a promising target for health promotion in students studying in lockdown.

scholarly journals What Are the Core Features of Psychopathy? A Prototypicality Analysis Using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Laura te Kaat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Forensic Mental Health ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
The Core ◽  
Forced Ranking ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist Revised ◽  
Discrimination Parameter ◽  
Core Features

What are the core features of psychopathy? Previous prototypicality analyses showed that many features were considered as highly prototypical. The authors extend this work by using forced ranking to grasp which features are most important. Forensic mental health professionals ranked the 20 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) items on their importance to psychopathy. Affective-interpersonal features were judged to be of greater importance than behavioral–lifestyle features. The most important items were callous/lack of empathy, conning/manipulative, and lack of remorse or guilt, which were deemed more important than nearly all other PCL-R features. The prototypicality ranking of the 20 PCL-R items by the forensic mental health professionals showed strong overlap (r = .64 to .86) with psychometric indices of item importance (network centrality, item-total correlation, and item response theory discrimination parameter). Taken together, these findings clarify the relative importance of PCL-R features to psychopathy.

Assessment of mental health problems in children following early maltreatment: What will the new diagnosis of complex PTSD add?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-373
Author(s):  
Margaret DeJong ◽  
Simon Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Maltreated Children ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Core Features

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is a new diagnosis which has been developed for the forthcoming International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision criteria. This is in recognition of the impact of repeated, interpersonal trauma and an emerging evidence base supporting a distinction between PTSD and CPTSD, with its disturbances in self-organization in addition to the core features of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance. The new diagnosis is discussed in the context of assessing children who have experienced maltreatment, many of whom will have affect dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, and negative thoughts about themselves. However, not all maltreated children will have the core features of PTSD, and they may be affected in various other ways, which are discussed in the experience of a specialist clinic taking referrals for children who have been abused or neglected. The assessments recognize that maltreated children are typically exposed to multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Traumatic symptoms are seen an adaptation to chronic threat, and close attention is also paid to systemic factors such as family relationships. Young children with PTSD will require developmentally sensitive assessment. Maltreated children are at high risk of mental health and neurodevelopmental problems but may present with symptoms in various domains which cumulatively are very impairing without always meeting diagnostic thresholds. Children may frequently be referred with possible autistic traits or symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which need to be assessed in the light of their traumatic backgrounds. Assessing the role attachment in the development of children who have been abused or neglected is also considered.

scholarly journals What are the core features of psychopathy? A prototypicality analysis using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Laura te Kaat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Forensic Mental Health ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
The Core ◽  
Forced Ranking ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist Revised ◽  
Discrimination Parameter ◽  
Core Features

What are the core features of psychopathy? Previous prototypicality analyses showed that many features were considered as highly prototypical. We extend this work by using forced ranking to grasp which features are most important. Forensic mental health professionals ranked the 20 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) items on their importance to psychopathy. Affective-interpersonal features were judged to be of greater importance than behavioral-lifestyle features. The most important items were callous/lack of empathy, conning/manipulative, and lack of remorse or guilt, which were deemed more important than nearly all other PCL-R features. The prototypicality ranking of the 20 PCL-R items by the forensic mental health professionals showed strong overlap (r = .64 to .86) with psychometric indices of item importance (network centrality, item-total correlation, and IRT discrimination parameter). Taken together, our findings clarify the relative importance of PCL-R features to psychopathy.

scholarly journals Fidelity to an evidence-based model for crisis resolution teams: a cross-sectional multicentre study in Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hasselberg ◽  
K. H. Holgersen ◽  
G. M. Uverud ◽  
J. Siqveland ◽  
B. Lloyd-Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Crisis Resolution Teams ◽  
Fidelity Scale ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Evidence Based Model

Abstract Background Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) are specialized multidisciplinary teams intended to provide assessment and short-term outpatient or home treatment as an alternative to hospital admission for people experiencing a mental health crisis. In Norway, CRTs have been established within mental health services throughout the country, but their fidelity to an evidence-based model for CRTs has been unknown. Methods We assessed fidelity to the evidence-based CRT model for 28 CRTs, using the CORE Crisis Resolution Team Fidelity Scale Version 2, a tool developed and first applied in the UK to measure adherence to a model of optimal CRT practice. The assessments were completed by evaluation teams based on written information, interviews, and review of patient records during a one-day visit with each CRT. Results The fidelity scale was applicable for assessing fidelity of Norwegian CRTs to the CRT model. On a scale 1 to 5, the mean fidelity score was low (2.75) and with a moderate variation of fidelity across the teams. The CRTs had highest scores on the content and delivery of care subscale, and lowest on the location and timing of care subscale. Scores were high on items measuring comprehensive assessment, psychological interventions, visit length, service users’ choice of location, and of type of support. However, scores were low on opening hours, gatekeeping acute psychiatric beds, facilitating early hospital discharge, intensity of contact, providing medication, and providing practical support. Conclusions The CORE CRT Fidelity Scale was applicable and relevant to assessment of Norwegian CRTs and may be used to guide further development in clinical practice and research. Lower fidelity and differences in fidelity patterns compared to the UK teams may indicate that Norwegian teams are more focused on early interventions to a broader patient group and less on avoiding acute inpatient admissions for patients with severe mental illness.

Reduced Jumping to Conclusion Bias after Experimentally Induced Enhancement of Subjective Body Boundaries in Psychosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Naomi Lyons ◽  
Detlef E. Dietrich ◽  
Johannes Graser ◽  
Georg Juckel ◽  
Christian Koßmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Explicit Measure ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Core Features

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> A disturbed sense of self is frequently discussed as an etiological factor for delusion symptoms in psychosis. Phenomenological approaches to psychopathology posit that lacking the sense that the self is localized within one’s bodily boundaries (disembodiment) is one of the core features of the disturbed self in psychosis. The present study examines this idea by experimentally manipulating the sense of bodily boundaries. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Seventy-three patients with psychosis were randomly assigned to either a 10-min, guided self-massage in the experimental group (EG) to enhance the sense of bodily boundaries or a control group (CG), which massaged a fabric ring. Effects on an implicit measure (jumping to conclusion bias; JTC) and an explicit measure (Brief State Paranoia Checklist; BSPC) of delusion processes were assessed. The JTC measures the tendency to make a decision with little evidence available, and the BSPC explicitly measures the approval of paranoid beliefs. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Patients in the EG showed a lower JTC (<i>M</i> = 4.11 draws before decision) than the CG (<i>M</i> = 2.43; Cohen’s <i>d</i> = 0.64). No significant difference in the BSPC was observed. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Our results indicate that enhancing the sense of body boundaries through a self-massage can reduce an implicit bias associated with delusional ideation and correspondingly support the idea that disembodiment might be a relevant factor in the formation of psychotic symptoms.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Musical Participation

2021 ◽  
pp. 102986492098831
Author(s):  
Andrea Schiavio ◽  
Pieter-Jan Maes ◽  
Dylan van der Schyff
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Dynamical Systems Theory ◽  
Coordination Dynamics ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
The Core ◽  
Interactive Dynamics ◽  
Interdisciplinary Scholarship ◽  
Core Features

In this paper we argue that our comprehension of musical participation—the complex network of interactive dynamics involved in collaborative musical experience—can benefit from an analysis inspired by the existing frameworks of dynamical systems theory and coordination dynamics. These approaches can offer novel theoretical tools to help music researchers describe a number of central aspects of joint musical experience in greater detail, such as prediction, adaptivity, social cohesion, reciprocity, and reward. While most musicians involved in collective forms of musicking already have some familiarity with these terms and their associated experiences, we currently lack an analytical vocabulary to approach them in a more targeted way. To fill this gap, we adopt insights from these frameworks to suggest that musical participation may be advantageously characterized as an open, non-equilibrium, dynamical system. In particular, we suggest that research informed by dynamical systems theory might stimulate new interdisciplinary scholarship at the crossroads of musicology, psychology, philosophy, and cognitive (neuro)science, pointing toward new understandings of the core features of musical participation.

Jewish Body Politics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliyahu Stern
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Body Politics ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Core ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Core Features

The idea of a Jewish body provides the background to understand the major Jewish migrations, the core features of modern Jewish politics, the transformation of Judaism as a religion and the role played by Jews in the Minority Rights Movement. Eastern European Jews’ immigration to the United States or Palestine as two sides of the same coin.

scholarly journals Switching perception of musical meters by listening to different acoustic cues of biphasic sound stimulus.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotaro Kondoh ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya ◽  
Ryosuke O Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Core ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Core Features

Meter is one of the core features of music perception. It is the cognitive grouping of regular sound sequences, typically for every 2, 3, or 4 beats. Previous studies have suggested that one can not only passively perceive the meter from acoustic cues such as loudness, pitch, and duration of sound elements, but also actively perceive it by paying attention to isochronous sound events without any acoustic cues. Studying the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing in meter perception leads to understanding the cognitive system’s ability to perceive the entire structure of music. The present study aimed to demonstrate that meter perception requires the top-down process (which maintains and switches attention between cues) as well as the bottom-up process for discriminating acoustic cues. We created a “biphasic” sound stimulus, which consists of successive tone sequences designed to provide cues for both the triple and quadruple meters in different sound attributes, frequency, and duration, and measured how participants perceived meters from the stimulus in a five-point scale (ranged from “strongly triple” to “strongly quadruple”). Participants were asked to focus on differences in frequency and duration. We found that well-trained participants perceived different meters by switching their attention to specific cues, while untrained participants did not. This result provides evidence for the idea that meter perception involves the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes, which training can facilitate.

scholarly journals Switching perception of musical meters by listening to different acoustic cues of biphasic sound stimulus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256712
Author(s):  
Sotaro Kondoh ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya ◽  
Ryosuke O. Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Core ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Core Features

Meter is one of the core features of music perception. It is the cognitive grouping of regular sound sequences, typically for every 2, 3, or 4 beats. Previous studies have suggested that one can not only passively perceive the meter from acoustic cues such as loudness, pitch, and duration of sound elements, but also actively perceive it by paying attention to isochronous sound events without any acoustic cues. Studying the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing in meter perception leads to understanding the cognitive system’s ability to perceive the entire structure of music. The present study aimed to demonstrate that meter perception requires the top-down process (which maintains and switches attention between cues) as well as the bottom-up process for discriminating acoustic cues. We created a “biphasic” sound stimulus, which consists of successive tone sequences designed to provide cues for both the triple and quadruple meters in different sound attributes, frequency, and duration. Participants were asked to focus on either frequency or duration of the stimulus, and to answer how they perceived meters on a five-point scale (ranged from “strongly triple” to “strongly quadruple”). As a result, we found that participants perceived different meters by switching their attention to specific cues. This result adds evidence to the idea that meter perception involves the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes.

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