scholarly journals Spectrum of Opportunistic Disease and Associated Factors Among Patients Attending ART Clinic, Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
meseret Belete Fite ◽  
Demeke Jebessa Aga
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causal agent for Acquired I Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the world’s greatest severe public health and development contest. Since the beginning of the epidemic, 38 million of people are living with HIV/AIDS and 1.7 million people newly infected with HIV. Increased availability and accessibility of ART has essentially improved the survival rate, through lowering the incidence of OIs among peoples living with HIV/AIDS. Risk of developing Opportunistic infections in HIV patients depend on experience to potential pathogens, virulence of pathogens, degree of host immunity and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. In Ethiopia, however remarkable decline of new infection (81%) for decades, since 2008 HIV incidence rate began to rise by 10% and number of new infection diagnosed each year increased by 36% among all ages and doubled among adult. There is a limited studies describing the spectrum of opportunistic infection and associated factors in the study settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the spectrum of Opportunistic infections in the study area.MethodsA Facility based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed from 2015-2019 G.C. The sample size was computed using single population proportion formula. Accordingly, four hundred ninety seven (497) medical records of study participants were reviewed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants included in this study. Data were extracted from the ART follow up data-base and medical records of the patients by using a standardized check list, which was adapted from Federal ministry Of Health HIV ART. The contents of check list include: Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical information’s. Data had entered Epi data version 5.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate analysis with p-value <0.2 was done to see the association between outcome variable & independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered for multiple logistic regressions. At 95% confidence interval, explanatory variables with P <0.05 in multiple logistic regression analysis were considered as significantly association.ResultThe study found that, an overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The finding of our study documented, from deferent HIV related OIs among patients on ART follow up at Nekemte Specialized Hospital ART clinic, the common types of OIs were; Pulmonary Tuberculosis (15.7%), Oral candidiasis (14.3%), Herpes Zoster (11.3%), Cryptococcus meningitides (5.9%), upper respiratory infection (5.8%, Persistent diarrhea (5.2%), and Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (3.8%). The occurrence of OIs on adult PLHIV patients who were with baseline WHO stage of I were 53% lower as compared to those who were with advanced baseline WHO stage of II and more {AOR: 0.468, 95 % CI (0.305-0.716). Moreover, Participants of Urban residents were 1.6 times more likely to develop OIs than those rural residents. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients.ConclusionAn overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The prevalence of OIs is still high namely Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis and Herpes Zoster are leading OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Having skilled health professionals, early diagnosis of OIs among HIV infected patients and having equipped laboratory diagnostic setup are mandatory to be able to deal with specific diagnosis and management of OIs. Further study is recommended to determine the relationship between residence and developing OIs among HIV patients on ART follow

Spectrum of Opportunistic Disease and Associated Factors among Patients Attending ART Clinic, Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meseret Belete Fite ◽  
Demeke Jabessa Aga
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Living With Hiv

AbstractIntroductionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causal agent for Acquired I Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the world’s greatest severe public health and development contest. Since the beginning of the epidemic, 38 million of people are living with HIV/AIDS and 1.7 million people newly infected with HIV. Increased availability and accessibility of ART has essentially improved the survival rate, through lowering the incidence of OIs among peoples living with HIV/AIDS. Risk of developing Opportunistic infections in HIV patients depend on experience to potential pathogens, virulence of pathogens, degree of host immunity and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. In Ethiopia, however remarkable decline of new infection (81%) for decades, since 2008 HIV incidence rate began to rise by 10% and number of new infection diagnosed each year increased by 36% among all ages and doubled among adult. There is a limited studies describing the spectrum of opportunistic infection and associated factors in the study settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the spectrum of Opportunistic infections in the study area.MethodsA Facility based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed from 2015-2019 G.C. The sample size was computed using single population proportion formula. Accordingly, four hundred ninety seven (497) medical records of study participants were reviewed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants included in this study. Data were extracted from the ART follow up data-base and medical records of the patients by using a standardized check list, which was adapted from Federal ministry Of Health HIV ART. The contents of check list include: Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical information’s. Data had entered Epi data version and analyzed using SPSS version 5.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate analysis with p-value <0.2 was done to see the association between outcome variable & independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered for multiple logistic regressions. At 95% confidence interval, explanatory variables with P <0.05 in multiple logistic regression analysis were considered as significantly association.ResultThe study found that, an overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The finding of our study documented, from deferent HIV related OIs among patients on ART follow up at Nekemte Specialized Hospital ART clinic, the common types of OIs were; Pulmonary Tuberculosis (15.7%), Oral candidiasis (14.3%), Herpes Zoster (11.3%), Cryptococcus meningitides (5.9%), upper respiratory infection (5.8%, Persistent diarrhea (5.2%), and Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (3.8%). The occurrence of OIs on adult PLHIV patients who were with baseline WHO stage of I were 53% lower as compared to those who were with advanced baseline WHO stage of II and more {AOR: 0.468, 95 % CI (0.305-0.716). Moreover, Participants of Urban residents were 1.6 times more likely to develop OIs than those rural residents. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients.ConclusionAn overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The prevalence of OIs is still high namely Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis and Herpes Zoster are leading OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patientsRecommendationsHaving skilled health professionals, early diagnosis of OIs among HIV infected patients and having equipped laboratory diagnostic setup are mandatory to be able to deal with specific diagnosis and management of OIs. Further study is recommended to determine the relationship between residence and developing OIs among HIV patients on ART follow

Incidence of Opportunistic Infections among Adult HIV Positive People Receiving Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Yihun Tariku G ◽  
Yaliso Yaya ◽  
Degu Jerene ◽  
Alemu Tamiso
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Study Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Standard Of Practice ◽  
Prophylaxis Therapy ◽  
Living With Hiv

In Ethiopia, Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy (CPT) used to prevent opportunistic infections among people living with HIV is the standard of practice; however incidence of opportunistic infection and their predictors are rarely documented in the country.  This was a retrospective follow up study to describe the incidence and predictors of opportunistic infections among 244 adults receiving CPT. Participants were followed for a median time of 72 weeks. During a study period a total of 53opportunistic infections were recorded; making the overall incidence rate 23.9/100 person-years. High incidence of opportunistic infections is likely to occur if: the clients were married (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.965;(95% CI: 1.109, 3.451), had history of tuberculosis treatment (AHR: 2.34(95% CI:1.05, 5.24)), patients who are indicated for CPT because of both clinical and WHO clinical staging criteria(AHR 2.418 (95% CI:1.02, 5.72 ),and had poor adherence to CPT (AHR, 2.11 (95% CI: 1.19-3.72)). Eventhough adherence is non-substitutable strategy to prevent opportunistic infection, the cohort of HIV patients failed to adhere to CPT, which in turn resulthigh incidence of opportunistic infections among them, therefore improving adherence as guideline should be a priority to prevent OIs among people living with HIV in the study region.

scholarly journals Incidence of Opportunistic Infections among Adult HIV Positive People Receiving Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Yihun Tariku G ◽  
Yaliso Yaya ◽  
Degu Jerene ◽  
Alemu Tamiso
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Study Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Standard Of Practice ◽  
Prophylaxis Therapy ◽  
Living With Hiv

In Ethiopia, Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy (CPT) used to prevent opportunistic infections among people living with HIV is the standard of practice; however incidence of opportunistic infection and their predictors are rarely documented in the country.  This was a retrospective follow up study to describe the incidence and predictors of opportunistic infections among 244 adults receiving CPT. Participants were followed for a median time of 72 weeks. During a study period a total of 53opportunistic infections were recorded; making the overall incidence rate 23.9/100 person-years. High incidence of opportunistic infections is likely to occur if: the clients were married (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.965;(95% CI: 1.109, 3.451), had history of tuberculosis treatment (AHR: 2.34(95% CI:1.05, 5.24)), patients who are indicated for CPT because of both clinical and WHO clinical staging criteria(AHR 2.418 (95% CI:1.02, 5.72 ),and had poor adherence to CPT (AHR, 2.11 (95% CI: 1.19-3.72)). Eventhough adherence is non-substitutable strategy to prevent opportunistic infection, the cohort of HIV patients failed to adhere to CPT, which in turn resulthigh incidence of opportunistic infections among them, therefore improving adherence as guideline should be a priority to prevent OIs among people living with HIV in the study region.

Opportunistic infections among people living with HIV at reference health care centers in Morocco, 2015 (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noureddine Sakhri ◽  
Fatima Zahra Meski ◽  
SOUMIA TRIKI
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Care Centers

BACKGROUND Morbidity and mortality in HIV disease is due to immune-suppression leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections (OIs) during the natural course of the disease. In 2015, the HIV prevalence is low in general population and concentrated among key populations. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the prevalence and CD4 correlates of OIs among adult HIV-infected patients attending antiretroviral health care in Morocco, during 2015. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among all adult PLHIV for admitted in the health care centers during 2015, who had acquired infection disease. Patients’ opportunistic infection status was determined through clinical diagnosis and laboratory investigations. CD4 count was determined using flow cytometry technique. The clinical stage of HIV was identified by the classification of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We collected Socio-demographic and clinical data from patients’ medical records. We performed statistical analysis by using Epi-Info 7.2.0.1 software. The appropriate test was applied, bivariate analysis was made and the differences were significant when p<.05. RESULTS 299 HIV-infected cases were included; 53% were males. The most represented age group was 25-34 years (36.1%). The mean age of the cases was 38.7 ± 16.8. The prevalence of OIs was 47.8%. Tuberculosis (65/299, 21.7%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (40/299, 13.4%) and Oral candidiasis (22/299, 7.4%) were the most frequently observed OIs. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis, pneumocystis and oral candidacies were the leading OIs, encountered by HIV-infected cases. Preventive measures and early diagnosis of HIV associated to OIs are crucial.

scholarly journals The THE SPECTRUM OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY AT MERPATI CLINIC, BALI, INDONESIA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
NOVIANA JOENPUTRI ◽  
KETUT SURYANA
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Objective: Infections contributed to higher morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in both developed and developing countries. This study aimed to describe the spectrum of opportunistic infections (OIs) and associated factors among PLWHA on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Merpati Clinic, Wangaya Regional General Hospital in Denpasar, Bali. Methods: This was a retrospective study. All of PLWHA, who still receiving HAART at Merpati Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were included as subjects in this study. All data were collected through a review of the complete medical record of patients. Results: The prevalence of OIs in this study was 43.4%. Most PLWHA who experienced OIs were male (68.8%), age ≤40 y old with a median of age 36 y old, educational status senior high school (57.7%), married (62.1%), employed (89.7%), CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/µl (67.6%) and transmission route of HIV non-Intravenous (IV) drug user (99.2%). Sex, age, marital status, and CD4 cell count were significantly associated with OIs, p=0.000, p=0.005, p=0.005, and p=0.000, respectively. Conclusion: The commonest OI in this study was pulmonary tuberculosis. The presence of OIs was associated with sex, age of HIV diagnosis, marital status, and CD4 cell count. With the knowledge of OIs spectrum, clinicians are expected to be able to prevent, diagnose and treat OIs promptly to decrease the morbidity and mortality caused by OIs efficiently.

scholarly journals Sleep Quality and Associated Factors among Peoples with Epilepsy Who Have a Follow-Up at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: An Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kemeriya Adem ◽  
Tilahun Kassew ◽  
Addis Birhanu ◽  
Ayalew Abate
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specialized Hospital

Background. Sleep is an active cyclic biological phenomenon and necessary for survival. Individuals who suffer from sleep disturbance are less productive, decreased performance, and negative effects on mental health. Despite there are different studies on sleep quality in Ethiopia, no studies have been conducted on magnitude and predictors of sleep quality among people with epilepsy in the study setting. Objective. To assess sleep quality and associated factors among people with epilepsy who have a follow-up at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019. Method. An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed from May-June 2019. Systematic random sampling following face to face interview technique was employed. Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 25 statistical packages were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Frequencies, proportions, means, SDs, and cross-tabulations were used to summarize descriptive statistics of the data and tables, texts, and graphs were used for data presentation. To identify association and significant predictor with the outcome variable, binary logistic regression was fitted. The variable which has statistical significance was identified on the basis of p values ≤ 0.05 and AOR with 95% confident intervals. Results. A total of 423 participants have been enrolled to the study with a response rate of 98.1%. The prevalence of poor sleep quality among peoples live with epilepsy was found 65.4% (95% CI: 61.0, 69.9). Being female (AOR=2.94; (95% CI; 1.79, 4.85)), having stress full life events (AOR=2.38; (95% CI; 1.43, 3.97)), nonadherent to AED medication (AOR=1.86; (95% CI; 1.05, 2.78), poly-therapy treatment (AOR=2.24; (95% CI; 1.05, 2.78)), poor seizer control (AOR=2.4; (95% CI; 2.21, 12.46)), comorbid medical illness (AOR=2.6; (95% CI; 1.18, 5.61)), and anxiety (AOR=2.54; (95% CI; 1.52,4.24)) were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion. This study revealed that more than half of the study participants were found to have poor sleep quality. So, considering the regular assessment of sleep quality and factors associated followed with appropriate intervention is recommended among peoples living with epilepsy.

scholarly journals Frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART 1 failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Narendra Singh ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Desh Nidhi Singh ◽  
Vipin Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Post Graduate Institute ◽  
Centre Hospital ◽  
Tubercular Lymphadenitis

Background: There is so many opportunistic infection is present in PL HIV patient when patient immunity disturbed and their CD4 count decreased .this study was conducted for frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART 1 failure. Aims and objective was to study the frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART1 failure.Methods: This study was conducted in ART plus centre K.P.S. Post Graduate Institute of Medicine (G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur) tertiary care teaching hospital and is clinical (assessment with investigation) continuous longitudinal, prospective and retrospective, observational, single centre hospital based study at ART Centre, Kanpur and considered All the patient on 1st line ART treating attending in centre were screened for treatment failure decided by SACEP from 2016 to 2018.Results: In this study there was opportunistic infection present that maximum in oral candidiasis but overall tuberculosis is maximum that is considered pulmonary tuberculosis, extra pulmonary tuberculosis, tubercular lymphadenitis and tubercular pericarditis, Abdominal knocks, TBM. LRTI and chronic diarrhea is also present. The male and rural area are more having opportunistic infections and all are have CD4 count 100 to 200 micrometer /Litre.Conclusions: The opportunistic infection mostly are oral candidiasis and tuberculosis, present in CD4 count in the range of 100-200 /ml.it is the indication of ART failure during treatments.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS on follow up receiving anti-retroviral therapy at public hospitals of Wollega zones, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adugna Oluma ◽  
Muktar Abadiga ◽  
Getu Mosisa ◽  
Werku Etafa ◽  
Ginenus Fekadu
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background : Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS are intertwined in a vicious cycle through nutritional, mental health, and behavioral pathways. Food insecurity is a potentially important barrier to the success of antiretroviral treatment, increased hospitalizations, and higher morbidity among HIV-infected individuals in resource-poor settings particularly in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and its associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS on follow up receiving ART at public hospitals of wollega zone, west Ethiopia. Methods : An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on a sample of 428 among people living with HIV/AIDS on follow up receiving anti-retroviral therapy at public hospitals of wollega zones. Data was collected using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and dietary diversity scale by interviewer-administered questionnaires. The data was checked, cleaned and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) window version 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistics - cross-tabulation frequency table, mean, standard deviation, percentage, were employed. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used with AOR at CI 95% and p<0.05 were used. Result: The overall prevalence of food insecurity among PLWHA receiving ART therapy was 68.8% which was partitioned as mild (23.32%), moderate (29.09%) and severe (16.35%) food in secured. Being single [AOR=3.507(1.377, 8.934)], illiterate [AOR=5.234(1.747, 15.686)], cigarette smoking [AOR=3.577(2.104, 6.081)], presence of anemia (AOR=2.650(1.563, 4.493)] and inadequate dietary diversity [AOR=2.870(1.088, 7.569)] were predictors of food insecurity. Conclusion : The prevalence of food insecurity was relatively high. Educational status, marital status, cigarette smoking, presence of anemia, opportunistic infection and inadequate dietary diversity were the major significant factors affecting food insecurity. We recommended Wollega Zonal Health Bureaus to effectively intervene in behavioral modification and health information dissemination (HID) which is the key strategies to improve food security.

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