scholarly journals Frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART 1 failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Narendra Singh ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Desh Nidhi Singh ◽  
Vipin Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Post Graduate Institute ◽  
Centre Hospital ◽  
Tubercular Lymphadenitis

Background: There is so many opportunistic infection is present in PL HIV patient when patient immunity disturbed and their CD4 count decreased .this study was conducted for frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART 1 failure. Aims and objective was to study the frequency of opportunistic infection in PL HIV and its role in monitoring of ART1 failure.Methods: This study was conducted in ART plus centre K.P.S. Post Graduate Institute of Medicine (G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur) tertiary care teaching hospital and is clinical (assessment with investigation) continuous longitudinal, prospective and retrospective, observational, single centre hospital based study at ART Centre, Kanpur and considered All the patient on 1st line ART treating attending in centre were screened for treatment failure decided by SACEP from 2016 to 2018.Results: In this study there was opportunistic infection present that maximum in oral candidiasis but overall tuberculosis is maximum that is considered pulmonary tuberculosis, extra pulmonary tuberculosis, tubercular lymphadenitis and tubercular pericarditis, Abdominal knocks, TBM. LRTI and chronic diarrhea is also present. The male and rural area are more having opportunistic infections and all are have CD4 count 100 to 200 micrometer /Litre.Conclusions: The opportunistic infection mostly are oral candidiasis and tuberculosis, present in CD4 count in the range of 100-200 /ml.it is the indication of ART failure during treatments.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the predisposing factors and cause of resistance which are associated with ART 1 failure and shifted to ART 2 regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Narendra Singh ◽  
R. K. Varma ◽  
Richa Giri ◽  
Punit Varma ◽  
Seema Dwivedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Post Graduate Institute ◽  
Centre Hospital ◽  
Tobacco Chewing

Background: This study is to evaluate the predisposing factors and cause of resistance which are associated with ART1 failure and shifted to ART 2 regime.Methods: This study was conducted in ART plus centre K.P.S. Post Graduate Institute of Medicine (G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, India) tertiary care teaching hospital (G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, India). It will be a clinical (assessment with investigation), continuous, longitudinal, prospective and retrospective, observational, single centre hospital-based study at ART Centre, Kanpur, India.  All the subjects who were on 1st line ART regime, attended in our centre were screened for treatment failure of based on clinical, immunological and virological criteria as decided by SACEP. Duration of this study was DEC 2016 TO DEC 2018.This study was taking as regime ART2 as TLATV/R, ZLATV/R, TLLP/R and ZLLP/R.Results: In this study there is PL HIV subjects that are considered for ART2 are mostly living in rural area and more are female having less adherence to ART1. Smoking, alcohol and tobacco chewing were also having less adherence to ART and cause resistance to ART1.Conclusions: In this study subjects were having associated with predisposing factor as Alcohalic 53 (45%), Tobacco Chewing 8 (07%), SMOKING 13 (11%). Alcohalic, Tobacco Chewer and Smoker have significant association of predisposing factor for low adherence to ART1 and resistance to ART1 drugs. There is also concluded that females and rural areas subject are having low adherence and cause ART1 failure. 

Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Routine Hiv Testing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cd4 Percentage

An infection is defined as opportunistic when it affects those with severe immunosuppression, i.e. takes a n opportunity to cause disease in a host with a weakened immune system. In people living with HIV it mainly affects those with a CD4 count < 200 although it is not impossible in those with CD4 count > 200. The CD4 percentage is also important as those with a CD4% < 14 are also more likely to have an OI. The lower the CD4 count the higher the risk of OIs, and some OIs are seen much more commonly with very low CD4 counts, e.g. cryptococcal meningitis in those with CD4 count of < 100. Before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy OIs were much more common than they are now, with previously up to 80% of those with AIDS having pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since the introduction of antiretrovirals (ARVs) the rates of OIs has reduced greatly but unfortunately there are people who are still diagnosed late with an OI at diagnosis. Those with poor adherence or difficulty accessing ARVs are also more likely to be affected. In the UK in 2014, 40% of people diagnosed with HIV had a CD4 count of <350 which is defined as a late diagnosis (and 22% had a CD4 count of <200 which is defined as a very late diagnosis). In comparison to someone diagnosed with HIV early, those who are diagnosed late have a 10 times higher risk of dying in the year after they are diagnosed. This highlights the need for routine HIV testing so that people are diagnosed early to reduce the incidence of OIs further. The most common OIs seen in the UK are pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection and candidiasis. All those with HIV and a CD4 count ≤ 200, or with a CD4% < 14 should be given prophylaxis against PCP. Prophylaxis should also be recommended for those with oral candidiasis or a previous AIDs – defining illness. The options are co-trimoxazole 480mg od or 960mg 3x/week (960mg once daily can be given although does not confer any greater protection and has increased risk of side effects), dapsone 50mg once daily, or pentamidine nebulisers 300mg once every 4 weeks.

scholarly journals Clinical spectrum of paediatric HIV infection in a tertiary care centre in South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Santhosh Kumar K. K. ◽  
Narayanappa D. ◽  
Ravi M. D. ◽  
Jagadish Kumar K.
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Hiv Encephalopathy ◽  
Paediatric Hiv

Background: The global burden of paediatric HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a challenge for healthcare workers around the world, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study is to describe the spectrum of HIV infection in children including the mode of transmission, clinical manifestations and opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection.Methods: Confirmed HIV seropositive children aged between 18 months to 19 years admitted to paediatric ward of JSS hospital, Mysore during two-year period were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Detailed history, socio-demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations were recorded in the predesigned performa. Nutritional assessment, complete physical, systemic and neurological examination was performed at the time of admission and was supplemented with ancillary investigations. Patients were correlated with modified WHO clinical case definition for AIDS and categorized as per revised CDC NABC classification of pediatric HIV infection.Results: Forty HIV-infected children were enrolled: with mean age of 4.5 years. Vertical transmission was the predominant mode of HIV transmission (97.5%). Most of the children were severely symptomatic belonging to category-C of NABC classification. Common clinical manifestations noted were failure to thrive (45%), recurrent respiratory infections (42%), bacterial skin infection (36%), recurrent otitis (42.5%), papulo-pruritic dermatitis (22%), hepatosplenomegaly (85%), lymphadenopathy (45%) and HIV encephalopathy (52%). The common opportunistic infections observed were pulmonary tuberculosis (45%), recurrent diarrhoea (35%), oral candidiasis (30%). The rare presentations of HIV noted were chronic thrombocytopenia and a case of dilated cardiomyopathy.Conclusions: Vertical transmission was the major route of HIV infection. HIV encephalopathy was more common among severely affected children. Tuberculosis was the commonest opportunistic infection.

scholarly journals Clinical and Socio demographic profile of attendees at ART centre in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
U.B. Nayak ◽  
S. Lenka ◽  
B. Achappa
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Local Context ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Heterosexual Contact ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: India has the third largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS. There is a need to study the profile of patients who come to ART centers and link their clinical and socio-demographic variables in the management. Moreover, it is important to understand the presentation of HIV disease in the local context and culture. The present study is aimed at identifying the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations of HIV/AIDS patients, opportunistic infections and the possible risk factors for acquiring HIV infection at an ART centre of Government Wenlock hospital, situated in Karnataka state of India. Materials and Methods: In this study 102 HIV patients attending the HIV clinic were enrolled and they were followed for a period of one year with relevant investigations.Results: Of 102 patients 69 were males and 33 were females.The mean age of the study subjects at the time of diagnosis was 38.06. Heterosexual contact was the commonest mode of transmission in96 (94.12%) patients. History suggestive of a risk factor for HIV transmission could not be elicited in 4 (3.92%) patients. Fever (71.5%), weight loss (62.74%), cough (51.96%) and chronic diarrhea (43.9%) were the common presenting symptoms. The most common opportunistic infection was oral candidiasis (66.67%) followed bytuberculosis (22.54%) and pneumocystis pneumonia (13.72%). Significant number of patients (30.37%) developed Zidovudine induced anemia and females were more prone for Zidovudine induced anemia as compared to males. CD4 counts of the patients were significantly inversely correlated with the number of symptoms and the number of opportunistic infections. Conclusion: Majority of patients were of low socioeconomic status and in productive age group with heterosexual contact being commonest mode of transmission.Significant number of patients developed Zidovudine induced anemia and females were more prone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i5.11622Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(5) 2015 61-65

Spectrum of Opportunistic Disease and Associated Factors among Patients Attending ART Clinic, Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meseret Belete Fite ◽  
Demeke Jabessa Aga
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Living With Hiv

AbstractIntroductionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causal agent for Acquired I Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the world’s greatest severe public health and development contest. Since the beginning of the epidemic, 38 million of people are living with HIV/AIDS and 1.7 million people newly infected with HIV. Increased availability and accessibility of ART has essentially improved the survival rate, through lowering the incidence of OIs among peoples living with HIV/AIDS. Risk of developing Opportunistic infections in HIV patients depend on experience to potential pathogens, virulence of pathogens, degree of host immunity and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. In Ethiopia, however remarkable decline of new infection (81%) for decades, since 2008 HIV incidence rate began to rise by 10% and number of new infection diagnosed each year increased by 36% among all ages and doubled among adult. There is a limited studies describing the spectrum of opportunistic infection and associated factors in the study settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the spectrum of Opportunistic infections in the study area.MethodsA Facility based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed from 2015-2019 G.C. The sample size was computed using single population proportion formula. Accordingly, four hundred ninety seven (497) medical records of study participants were reviewed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants included in this study. Data were extracted from the ART follow up data-base and medical records of the patients by using a standardized check list, which was adapted from Federal ministry Of Health HIV ART. The contents of check list include: Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical information’s. Data had entered Epi data version and analyzed using SPSS version 5.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate analysis with p-value <0.2 was done to see the association between outcome variable & independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered for multiple logistic regressions. At 95% confidence interval, explanatory variables with P <0.05 in multiple logistic regression analysis were considered as significantly association.ResultThe study found that, an overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The finding of our study documented, from deferent HIV related OIs among patients on ART follow up at Nekemte Specialized Hospital ART clinic, the common types of OIs were; Pulmonary Tuberculosis (15.7%), Oral candidiasis (14.3%), Herpes Zoster (11.3%), Cryptococcus meningitides (5.9%), upper respiratory infection (5.8%, Persistent diarrhea (5.2%), and Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (3.8%). The occurrence of OIs on adult PLHIV patients who were with baseline WHO stage of I were 53% lower as compared to those who were with advanced baseline WHO stage of II and more {AOR: 0.468, 95 % CI (0.305-0.716). Moreover, Participants of Urban residents were 1.6 times more likely to develop OIs than those rural residents. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients.ConclusionAn overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The prevalence of OIs is still high namely Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis and Herpes Zoster are leading OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patientsRecommendationsHaving skilled health professionals, early diagnosis of OIs among HIV infected patients and having equipped laboratory diagnostic setup are mandatory to be able to deal with specific diagnosis and management of OIs. Further study is recommended to determine the relationship between residence and developing OIs among HIV patients on ART follow

scholarly journals Mucocutaneous infections in HIV positive patients attending a tertiary care institution: a descriptive study

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Neethu Haridas ◽  
Kunnummal Muhammed ◽  
Sarita S.
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Herpes Genitalis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Care Institution ◽  
Tertiary Care Institution

<p><strong>Background: </strong>AIDS is characterized by the waning of body’s immunity leaving the victim to the multitude of life threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or malignancies. Dermatologic manifestations occur in more than 90% of patients with HIV infection most often due to infections.  The awareness of the varied patterns of these skin lesions would help in early diagnosis and management of these in HIV infection, which in turn reduce the morbidity and improve quality of life.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational study from 1<sup>st</sup> April 2012 to 31<sup>st</sup> March 2013 in a tertiary care institution of North Kerala. HIV positive patients attending sexually transmitted infection clinic of Dermato venereology department, anti-retroviral treatment clinic (ART clinic) and infectious diseases ward of Department of Medicine of a tertiary care centre were examined after consent for mucocutaneous infections.  <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population comprised of 206 HIV infected patients with mucocutaneous infections. The male to female ratio was 2.07:1. Most of the affected belong to 30-50 years age group. Majority were manual laborers(49.3%) and in stage3 HIV disease. 107 patients had CD4 Count below 350 at the time of study(51.9%) whereas 40 cases (19.4%) had CD4Count above 500.<strong> </strong>Most common mucocutaneous infection was oral candidiasis (51%), followed by onychomycosis (16.5%). Out of 29 patients with dermatophytosis majority had tinea cruris (18 patients). Bacterial was second commonest infection. Only 3 patients had tuberculoid leprosy, one with type 1 reaction.<strong> </strong>Common viral infection was herpes zoster followed by herpes genitalis and conyloma accuminata. 11 patients had verruca vulgaris, one with extensive lesions.<strong> </strong>Out of 206 patients 28 had sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV, herpes genitalis being the commonest. Syphilis observed in 4 patients (1.9%). 162 patients (78.6%) were on HAART. The response to treatment was better in patients with CD4 Count above 500cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>Oral candidiasis, onychomycosis, pyoderma and ulcerative STIs were noted in significant number of HIV infected individuals. These were more common in those with CD4Count below 300 cells/ mm<sup>3</sup>. <sup>.</sup>Those patients with CD4 Count above 500 cells/ mm<sup>3</sup> responded well to treatment. </p>

scholarly journals Spectrum of Opportunistic Disease and Associated Factors Among Patients Attending ART Clinic, Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
meseret Belete Fite ◽  
Demeke Jebessa Aga
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causal agent for Acquired I Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the world’s greatest severe public health and development contest. Since the beginning of the epidemic, 38 million of people are living with HIV/AIDS and 1.7 million people newly infected with HIV. Increased availability and accessibility of ART has essentially improved the survival rate, through lowering the incidence of OIs among peoples living with HIV/AIDS. Risk of developing Opportunistic infections in HIV patients depend on experience to potential pathogens, virulence of pathogens, degree of host immunity and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. In Ethiopia, however remarkable decline of new infection (81%) for decades, since 2008 HIV incidence rate began to rise by 10% and number of new infection diagnosed each year increased by 36% among all ages and doubled among adult. There is a limited studies describing the spectrum of opportunistic infection and associated factors in the study settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the spectrum of Opportunistic infections in the study area.MethodsA Facility based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed from 2015-2019 G.C. The sample size was computed using single population proportion formula. Accordingly, four hundred ninety seven (497) medical records of study participants were reviewed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants included in this study. Data were extracted from the ART follow up data-base and medical records of the patients by using a standardized check list, which was adapted from Federal ministry Of Health HIV ART. The contents of check list include: Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical information’s. Data had entered Epi data version 5.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate analysis with p-value <0.2 was done to see the association between outcome variable & independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered for multiple logistic regressions. At 95% confidence interval, explanatory variables with P <0.05 in multiple logistic regression analysis were considered as significantly association.ResultThe study found that, an overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The finding of our study documented, from deferent HIV related OIs among patients on ART follow up at Nekemte Specialized Hospital ART clinic, the common types of OIs were; Pulmonary Tuberculosis (15.7%), Oral candidiasis (14.3%), Herpes Zoster (11.3%), Cryptococcus meningitides (5.9%), upper respiratory infection (5.8%, Persistent diarrhea (5.2%), and Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (3.8%). The occurrence of OIs on adult PLHIV patients who were with baseline WHO stage of I were 53% lower as compared to those who were with advanced baseline WHO stage of II and more {AOR: 0.468, 95 % CI (0.305-0.716). Moreover, Participants of Urban residents were 1.6 times more likely to develop OIs than those rural residents. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients.ConclusionAn overall prevalence of OIs was 62%. The prevalence of OIs is still high namely Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis and Herpes Zoster are leading OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Baseline WHO clinical staging and residence were identified as independent predictors of OIs among adult HIV infected patients. Having skilled health professionals, early diagnosis of OIs among HIV infected patients and having equipped laboratory diagnostic setup are mandatory to be able to deal with specific diagnosis and management of OIs. Further study is recommended to determine the relationship between residence and developing OIs among HIV patients on ART follow

scholarly journals Opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive cases in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Dhungel ◽  
KU Dhungel ◽  
JM Easow ◽  
YI Singh
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Strong Action ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) claimed more than 22 million deaths in the past two decades. About 10,000-15,000 Nepalese are expected to die of AIDS related deaths every year in the absence of effective treatment and care. Major cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV infected people is opportunistic infection (OI). Type of pathogen(s) responsible for OI varies from region to region. Objective: This study attempts to find out OI among HIV seropositive patients visiting MTH, Pokhara. Results: Tuberculosis (30%) was found to be most common OI followed by candidiasis (14%). Pulmonary tuberculosis (21.14%) was more common than extra pulmonary tuberculosis (8.92%). Oral candidiasis (8.92%) was more common than oesophageal candidiasis (5.35%). Conclusion: The study findings indicate that immediate and strong action needs to be taken and guidelines and strategies to tackle the HIV AIDS problems are required and should be equally implemented to achieve a decline in the rate of prevalence of HIV. Key words: HIV, AIDS, Opportunistic infection, Tuberculosis doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i3.1708 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 3, Issue 23, 335-339

scholarly journals Treatment outcome of antiretroviral treatment naive HIV infected patients initiated on antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary care hospital in South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1704
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad S. ◽  
Subhash Chandra B. J.
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Mean

Background: About 2.1 million people are infected with HIV in India. Clinical profile of patients has evolved over a period of time in the Antiretroviral treatment (ART) era. This study was done to document the clinical presentation of patients in a tertiary care in Mysuru in Karnataka. The aim of the study was to follow the patients who were initiated on ART over a period of time and to know its effect on the clinical outcome and overall morbidity and mortality of the patients.Methods: A prospective study of HIV positive patients who were initiated on ART was done regarding clinical profile and outcome over a period of one and a half to two years depending on when they were initiated on ART.Results: Totally 183 patients were registered during the period, out of which 114 patients (62.29%) were males and the rest were females (37.70%). The commonest route of transmission was heterosexual route seen in 97.3% (178). Most (56.8%) of the patients were asymptomatic. The mean basal CD4 count was 162.70. The mean age of patients was 39.07. The mean BMI was 20.29. A 23.5% (43) had one or other side effects. Anemia (44.2%) was the most common side effects seen. There were 18 deaths (12.2%). A 39.34% (72) patients had opportunistic infections (OI), the commonest being tuberculosis 45(%).Conclusions: It was concluded that patients with low CD4 count, low BMI were more prone for Opportunistic infections and death. Early initiation of ART can prevent such incidences and improve the quality of life of HIV positive patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document