scholarly journals Inequality and Income Segregation in Brazilian cities: A Nationwide Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Firmino de Sousa Filho ◽  
Gervásio F. dos Santos ◽  
Roberto F. Silva Andrade ◽  
Aureliano S. Paiva ◽  
Anderson Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Income Segregation ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Census Tract Level

Abstract Urban segregation has brought significant challenges to cities worldwide and has important implications for health. This study aimed to assess income segregation in the 152 largest Brazilian cities included in the SALURBAL Project and identify specific socioeconomic characteristics related to residential segregation by income. Using the Brazilian demographic census database of the year 2010, we calculated the income dissimilarity index (IDI) at census tract level for each SALURBAL city; subsequently comparing it with Gini and other local socioeconomic variables. We evaluated our results' robustness using a bootstrap correction to the IDI to examine the consequences of using different cut-offs of income that were relevant in the context of strong urban and regional inequalities. We identified a 2 minimum wages cut-off as the most appropriate and found little evidence of upward bias in the calculation of the IDI regardless of the cut-off used. Among the 10 most segregated cities, 9 are in the Northeast region, the region with the highest income inequality and poverty in Brazil. Our results indicate that the Gini index and poverty are the main variables associated with residential segregation, measured by the IDI. Social and environmental characteristics were also associated with IDI, reinforcing the notion that access to education, water, sanitation, and better residential conditions are fundamental to improving social equity.

Residential segregation of same-sex partnered households in the US

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 973-981
Author(s):  
Danielle Xiaodan Morales
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Usa

Purpose Quantitative research on the segregation of same-sex partners in the USA is new, and limited by challenges related to the accurate measurement of segregation and data errors. The purpose of this paper is to provide a novel approach to re-examine residential segregation between same-sex partners and different-sex partners in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Two versions of the dissimilarity index and corrected same-sex partners data from the 2010 decennial census were used. Effects of different geographic scales were examined. Findings Results reveal that the levels of segregation of both male and female same-sex partners were higher at metropolitan- vs state-levels; the levels of segregation was lower when measured using the unbiased as compared to the conventional version of the D-index; and male same-sex partnered households were more segregated from different-sex partnered households than were female same-sex partnered households. Research limitations/implications Future studies should be attuned to geographic scale effects and should not ignore the bias of the D-index. Originality/value This study provides a better test of the differences between the two versions of the D-index and contributes to the literature by examining the segregation of both male same-sex partners and female same-sex partners across different geographic scales.

scholarly journals Regional Income Inequalities In Poland And Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Jędrzejczak
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Spending Cuts ◽  
Income Concentration

Reducing regional inequality was one of the key means of promoting the “harmonious development” within Europe envisioned in the EEC Treaty of 1957. The pursuit of “economic, social and territorial cohesion” through ever closer regional and national harmonisation was also proclaimed in the 2007 Lisbon Treaty, but deepening European integration has not always been matched with convergence in living standards between sub-national regions. The gap between poorer and richer areas increased during the last economic crisis even in some developed economies, and the income discrepancy between richer and poorer regions is likely to widen further as government-spending cuts disproportionately hurt less prosperous regions. Regional inequalities can be measured in many ways - the extent of inequality may be mapped in terms of demography, income and wealth, labour markets, and education and skills. The main objective of this presentation is to analyse regional inequalities in terms of household income distribution. The empirical evidence comes from the GUS, Istat and Bank of Italy databases and has been analysed by means of inequality and poverty indices calculated at NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels. In order to work out the intra-regional and inter-regional contributions to the overall inequality, the Gini index decomposition has been applied. While presenting similar levels of income concentration, Poland and Italy turned out to follow different regional inequality patterns.

2. Measures of Multigroup Segregation

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean F. Reardon ◽  
Glenn Firebaugh
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Organizational Unit ◽  
Variation Index ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Total Diversity

In this paper we derive and evaluate measures of multigroup segregation. After describing four ways to conceptualize the measurement of multigroup segregation—as the disproportionality in group (e.g., race) proportions across organizational units (e.g., schools or census tracts), as the strength of association between nominal variables indexing group and organizational unit membership, as the ratio of between-unit diversity to total diversity, and as the weighted average of two-group segregation indices—we derive six multigroup segregation indices: a dissimilarity index (D), a Gini index (G), an information theory index (H), a squared coefficient of variation index (C), a relative diversity index (R), and a normalized exposure index (P). We evaluate these six indices against a set of seven desirable properties of segregation indices. We conclude that the information theory index H is the most conceptually and mathematically satisfactory index, since it alone obeys the principle of transfers in the multigroup case. Moreover, H is the only multigroup index that can be decomposed into a sum of between- and within-group components.

scholarly journals Cancer Incidence and Multilevel Measures of Residential Economic and Racial Segregation for Cancer Registries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Justin M Feldman ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
Pamela D Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The City

Abstract Background The handful of studies (<30) on cancer and residential segregation have focused on racial segregation, primarily at the city/town level. We tested a priori hypotheses about choice of measure and level by extending use of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to quantify both economic and racial residential segregation, singly and combined, and conducted analyses for the total population and stratified by race/ethnicity. Methods Outcomes comprised Massachusetts incidence rates (2010–2014) for invasive breast, cervical, and lung cancer, analyzed in relation to census tract and city/town ICE measures for income, race/ethnicity, race/ethnicity + income, and the federal poverty line. Multilevel Poisson regression modeled observed counts of incident cases. Results Both choice of metric and level mattered. As illustrated by cervical cancer, in models including both the census tract and city/town levels, the rate ratio for the worst to best quintile for the total population was greatest at the census tract level for the ICE for racialized economic segregation (3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1 to 4.3) and least for the poverty measure (1.9, 95% CI = 1.4 to 2.6), with null associations at the city/town level. In analogous models with both levels for lung cancer, however, for the non-Hispanic black and Hispanic populations, the rate ratios for, respectively, the ICE and poverty measures, were larger (and excluded 1) at the city/town compared with the census tract level. Conclusions Our study suggests that the ICE for racialized economic segregation, at multiple levels, can be used to improve monitoring and analysis of cancer inequities.

scholarly journals Residential Segregation and Living Conditions. An Analysis of Social Inequalities in Catalonia from Four Spatial Perspectives

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Joan Checa ◽  
Oriol Nel·lo
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Key Indicators

Spatial inequalities in living conditions have traditionally been attributed to geographical location, the opposition between urban and rural settings or the size of settlements. Accordingly, the geographical literature has used these oppositions to explain not only differences in access to education, work and services but also diversity of lifestyles, beliefs and even political attitudes. In recent decades, however, urban areas have extended their scope, urbanization has become more dispersed, territories have become more interdependent and spatial hierarchies have tended to weaken. At the same time, social inequalities have become more marked, as manifested spatially by residential segregation. This article puts forward the thesis that residential segregation constitutes a considerably better explanatory factor currently for the elucidation of social inequalities and differences in living conditions in regional spaces than geographical location, the urban/rural divide or the size of settlements. A set of key indicators in the population of residents in Catalonia (level of education, socio-economic position, risk of poverty, self-perceived health and life satisfaction) are therefore analyzed from various spatial perspectives to explore this argument and evaluate each indicator’s explanatory potential. The main results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the most striking spatial inequalities are associated with residential segregation.

scholarly journals Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima

2021 ◽  
pp. 471-490
Author(s):  
Graciela Fernández-de-Córdova ◽  
Paola Moschella ◽  
Ana María Fernández-Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
The City

AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.

Study of Genetic Diversity among the Seeded Banana Found in the Northeast Region of India by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premabati Thangjam ◽  
◽  
Robert Thangjam
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Marker Index ◽  
Northeast Region

The RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique was used to evaluate the genetic variation among twenty one wild bananas found in the northeastern region. Out of the ten primers used eight give 100% polymorphism. Among the ten primers used UBC-425 gives the highest polymorphic information content, resolving power as well as highest marker index. The highest dissimilarity index was obtained between the sample MZ1 (Changkha from Mizoram) and AR12 (kutikol from Arunachal) scoring the dissimilarity index of 0.85 whilst the lowest/highest dissimilarity/similarity was found between AS13 and AS14 (Athiakol and Bhimkol from Assam) scoring the dissimilarity index of 0.17. This result indicates that AS13 and AS14 were more closely related as compared with all the other accessions studied while MZ1 and AR12 were highly dissimilar. Dendrogram based on Nei’s coefficient reveals two major groups which were again sub-grouped into six minor clusters. The dendrogram was not able to clearly distinguish the different genome groups in the study. The study reveals significant level of diversity among the wild bananas studied and it could be utilized for future conservation and sustainable utilization of the genetic resources.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Residential Segregation in European Cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Tiit Tammaru ◽  
Anastasia Sinitsyna ◽  
Alireza Akhavizadegan ◽  
Maarten van Ham ◽  
Szymon Marcińczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractBasedonextensiveresearchwithdistinguished scholars within the book project ‘Socioeconomic Segregation in European Capital Cities’, this chapter summarizes the key trends in income inequalityand socioeconomic segregationin Europe. We draw our data from the two last census rounds, and we focus on the most common indicators of incomeinequality(Gini Index) and residential segregation(DissimilarityIndex). We find that levels of residential segregation grew between the two last censuses in most of the cities included in our study. Changes in residential segregation follow changes in income inequality with a time lag, and it tends to happen in both directions. Low levels of income inequality relate to low levels of segregation after 10 years, and high levels of inequality relate to high levels of segregation after 10 years.

The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-329
Author(s):  
Joe T. Darden ◽  
Luis Rubalcava
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Central City ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hispanic Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Socioeconomic Index ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Index Of Dissimilarity ◽  
Hispanic White

In the United States, past research has shown that Hispanics are less residentially segregated from non-Hispanic Whites than are Blacks. Such research has also shown that like Blacks, Hispanic households are located in poorer neighborhoods than are the average lower-income non-Hispanic White households. However, such studies have been limited for two reasons: (1) they have used a single variable, income, to characterize neighborhoods which is not sufficient to capture the complexity of such areas; and (2) such studies have not focused on Metropolitan Detroit where, unlike in many other large metropolitan areas, the Hispanic population is relatively small and concentrated within a large majority Black central city. This is the first study to examine Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation and the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods in Metropolitan Detroit using multiple variables to characterize neighborhoods. The Modified Darden-Kamel Composite Socioeconomic Index was used to characterize neighborhoods and the index of dissimilarity was employed to measure Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation. The results revealed that the level of Hispanic—non-Hispanic White residential segregation was modest, but Hispanics were restricted to neighborhoods that are of lower quality than neighborhoods occupied by non-Hispanic Whites.

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